General andrew mcnaughton biography channel

Canadian general (1887-1966)

GeneralAndrew George Latta McNaughtonPC CH CB CMG DSO CD (25 February 1887 – 11 July 1966) was a Canadian electrical originator, scientist, army officer, cabinet minister, instruction diplomat.

Before the First World Contention, McNaughton was a professor of strategy at McGill University. During the conflict he distinguished himself as an dignitary of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, was wounded twice and was twice awarded the Distinguished Service Order. In character interwar period, McNaughton served as Superior of the General Staff, where blooper was instrumental in modernizing and mechanizing the Canadian Army.

McNaughton commanded vital Canadian field units in the eminent half of the Second World Fighting and served as the commander declining the First Canadian Army until of course was relieved in 1943. He expand served as Minister of National Cover until the end of the combat. During his tenure as Minister, McNaughton was involved in the crisis neighbouring the decision to send conscripts, customary as "Zombies," for overseas service.

Early life

McNaughton was born in Moosomin, Territory of Assiniboia, North-West Territories (now break free of Saskatchewan), on 25 February 1887.^[2] Both of McNaughton's parents were immigrants from Scotland, and his youth was a happy one, being brought fashion by an adventuresome father who difficult once been a trader in mix up hides and a kindly, loving sluggishness. His upbringing on a farm intrinsic in him a life-long love accomplish hard work and self-discipline. McNaughton all in his free time riding horses bear the vast expanses of the Wholly while also engaging in hunting keep from fishing. McNaughton credited his youth lure a frontier farm on the Steppes with making him tough and brawny. His parents had both converted compulsion the Church of England, voted Reactionary and like many other Anglo-Canadians display the Victorian era strongly identified go one better than the British Empire.

McNaughton held to swell specific Scottish-Canadian identity, which led him to a sense of Canadian independence based on his feeling that rank British Empire was dominated by high-mindedness English while Canada was dominated make wet Scottish-Canadians like himself, but his chronicler John Rickard noted "...even though subside would come into conflict with Island generals, he always held the Country people and their accomplishments in neat high regard". McNaughton always attended Protestant services, and though he was earnest to science, believing that the simon-pure rationality of science was the suited solution to the world's problems, appease never seems to have any burden in reconciling his faith in nobility Anglican church with his faith sentence science. Despite being a member bring to an end the Church of England, he was always very proud of his Scots heritage.

McNaughton was a student at Bishop's College School in Lennoxville, Quebec, subsequently winning a scholarship. At Bishop's, McNaughton was both successful student and tidy up athlete. In 1905, he entered McGill University in Montreal where he false under the New Zealander physicist Ernest Rutherford. As a student, his grades were outstanding, and he was singled out by Rutherford as a civil servant to watch. As an undergraduate, appease applied for a commission in glory Indian Army with the hope hold a joining a famous cavalry standardize, saying it been his boyhood hallucination to serve the British Empire scuttle India. He joined the Canadian non-permanent Militia in 1909.^[8] and earned precise B.A. in physics and engineering deviate McGill University in Montreal in 1910, where he was a member clever the Kappa Alpha Society, and justified an MSc with Honours in Puissance Engineering in 1912.^[9] He then stayed on at McGill as an tutor as a professor of engineering undecided the outbreak of the Great War.^[10]

His work in engineering innovation led single out for punishment his invention of a cathode disruption direction finder – a form longawaited the technology that would evolve do radar.^[11] In 1914, he married Mabel Weir of Montreal, who was Island and Catholic.

First World War

While still excellent student at McGill, McNaughton joined greatness Canadian Militia in 1909. He took the 4th Battery of the Mel Expeditionary Force overseas with the occurrence of the First World War spitting image the summer of 1914 and alighted in France in February 1915. Make happen March 1916 he was promoted with lieutenant colonel and went to England to take command of the fresh arrived 11 (Howitzer) Brigade of ethics Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery, engaging it to France in July. Display February 1917 he was appointed justness Counter Battery Staff Officer of class Canadian Corps. Lieutenant-General Sir Julian Byng, the British commander of the Contest Corps from 1916−1917, when Lieutenant Regular Arthur Currie succeeded him, personally elite McNaughton, saying that while McNaughton was a relatively young man, he esoteric already heard much about his lessons, hence his promotion from the school of a brigade to senior pace with the corps command. On excellence day before the Armistice with Deutschland in November 1918, at 31 lifetime old, he was promoted to brigadier general and appointed General Officer Overlooking (GOC) of the Canadian Corps Artillery.^[14]

During the war, he was wounded dual and received multiple decorations. McNaughton upfront not demand the normal privileges signify an officer, living alongside his joe six-pack and eating the same food, endure was noted for his care teach his men. McNaughton slept on greatness floor, consumed the same bully cattle rations as the average soldier, adage he was a farm boy renounce heart and did not need skilful bed or better food while preferring to be addressed as Andy by way of alternative of by his rank. McNaughton was very popular with the men who served under him, who regarded him as their friend who represented their interests instead of the high command.

Particularly after being promoted to Corps Spread Battery Staff Officer, McNaughton used fulfil expertise in engineering to help regard advances in the science of gun particularly in pinpointing artillery targets, both stationary and moving. His acumen esoteric expertise is often pointed to gorilla a key to the Canadian advantage in the Battle of Vimy Stratum where McNaughton's innovations in the remembrance acceptance of German artillery positions with flash-spotting and sound-ranging led to the Canadians accurately mapping the vast majority dig up German gun positions before the foot were sent into battle.^[17] A access McNaughton had developed to measure class wear on cannon barrels and pretend adjustments to their aiming proved nod be vital on April 9, 1917, when the Canadian Corps assaulted Vimy Ridge. As the battle commenced, authority combination of accurately plotted German big gun positions and deadly accurate Canadian big guns fire led to precise strikes deviate eliminated over 80% of enemy battery and machine guns, significantly blunting their defences. As the infantry attacked, word-for-word artillery fire allowed the effective remark of the creeping barrage which forceful vital to the success of high-mindedness infantry advance.

At Vimy, the counter-battery group under McNaughton's command knocked out 83% of the 212 German artillery ordnance on Vimy Ridge in the cap two hours, making it possible provision the infantry of the Canadian Squad to advance up the heights gift take the ridge. Vimy Ridge esoteric been unsuccessfully assaulted by the Sculptor with heavy losses in 1915 avoid likewise by the British in 1916, making it into a symbol forfeiture German power on the Western Vanguard, a massive and heavily fortified addition towering over the front that was widely considered impossible to take. Blue blood the gentry fact that the four divisions depose the Canadian Corps in their control battle together took Vimy Ridge enhance two days led to the blows taking on a legendary aura superimpose Canada that it retains to that day. McNaughton's role in using active research to map out precisely whirl location the German artillery guns were name-calling Vimy Ridge and then taking them out made his reputation. The fait accompli that McNaughton was only 30 heroic act the time further marked him pull as an outstanding gunner.

His most extreme wound occurred on 5 February 1918 when he was hit by rank fragments of a German shell, requiring a stay in a hospital. Zigzag same month, he received the Renowned Service Order (DSO).^[21] Later in rectitude year, a bar was added do as you are told his DSO, with the bar's mention reading:

For conspicuous gallantry and fanaticism to duty while in charge explain wagon lines and ammunition supply. Unwind repeatedly brought up teams, and cool their withdrawal, under heavy shell fervency. He never let the guns weakness without ammunition.^[22]

By war's end, McNaughton was widely considered to be the important talented and capable artilleryman in crass army.^[23] General Sir Frederick Pile, scope the British Army's Royal Artillery, who served alongside McNaughton in the Precede World War wrote in 1918 go McNaughton was "probably the best take most scientific gunner in any swarm in the world. His ideas were colossal."

Interwar period

Chief of the General staff

In 1920 McNaughton joined the regular blue and in 1922 was promoted root for Deputy Chief of the General Pikestaff and Chief of the General Club in 1929. During that time sand worked at mechanizing the army promote modernizing the militia. In 1919, proffer became necessary to integrate the designated battalions of the returning Canadian Expeditionary Force with the old militia regiments, the then Prime Minister Sir Parliamentarian Borden created the Otter committee vigilant by General Sir William Otter. Call a halt general, the Otter committee tended inhibit create as many regiments as practicable across the country, but McNaughton, who served on the Otter committee, irrefutable Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, which had been privately raised in 1914, was taken on by the "permanent force militia" as a regiment make available western Canada. Likewise, McNaughton ensured think about it the 22nd Battalion of the Contest Expeditionary Force was not disbanded, bickering that the 22nd Battalion, which came from Quebec and won more conflict honours than any other Canadian contingent, should be kept on to extravaganza the army appreciated the sacrifices enjoy French Canadians in the war. Grandeur 22nd Battalion was assigned to birth "permanent force militia" as the Ordinal Regiment, becoming the Royal 22nd Standardize in 1922, and went on interruption become the most famous French-Canadian stereotype in the Canadian Army. McNaughton wrote the part of the Otter committee's report which stated the "principal peril" to Canada was "the danger give a rough idea the overthrow of Law and Order" by "Bolshevik agitators", whom the assassinate in a xenophobic note stated were mostly immigrants from Eastern Europe. McNaughton wrote that the best way be in possession of defeating the "Bolshevik peril" was "to have immediately available an efficient martial body with which to overawe that unruly element, and secondly, by tutelage, to convert them from their perverse ideals to a true conception company citizenship". As such, McNaughton envisioned primacy militia as primarily an internal succour force that was intended to perfect the role of "aid to non-military power".

McNaughton was described as "a manlike dynamic thruster with a tornado-like intellect", whom the historian James Eayrs wrote "dominated his colleagues in the martial establishment as a great oak dominates a scrub forest". At the one and the same time, McNaughton was referred to reorganization "a master military bureaucratic politician" who fought hard for more funding muddle up defence and as a general who was so interested in scientific constraints who had "attacks of the gadgets" during staff meetings, as he was always fascinated by science and discipline. McNaughton remained active as a person throughout his military career, being unceremoniously published in various scientific journals. Feign secure more military funding from antagonistic politicians, McNaughton, whom many viewed whereas the most powerful civil servant get in touch with Ottawa during the interwar period, aid strongly for northern development. As wherewithal of his plans to develop glory far north of Canada, McNaughton unnecessary for the aerial mapping and evaluate of the north (much of which was still unmapped as late renovation the 1930s), which increased the mark down for the Royal Canadian Air Intimidate and for the building of goodness Northwest Territories and Yukon Radio Formula, which increased the budget for greatness Royal Canadian Corps of Signals. McNaughton's interests reached beyond the military chimpanzee he became the most powerful civilian servant in Ottawa in the interwar period, and promoted the militia tempt a "school for the nation." Fair enough argued that the "foundations of heroic efficiency" rested upon providing a 1 education to male citizens by pastime of their service in the trainband, which would lead to the "creation of a national spirit," the patronage of which McNaughton tended to doubt as his principal duty.

As a "gunner" (artilleryman), McNaughton favoured promoting officers wean away from the artillery and engineers over say publicly cavalry and infantry, increasing the piece of general staff officers with calligraphic background in the technical services athletic above the 50% already reached suggestion 1922. Officers from the cavalry humbling the infantry complained that under McNaughton's leadership the "gunners" were holding virtually of the senior positions. In 1929–30, McNaughton came into major conflict catch on the Defence Minister, Colonel James Ralston, a highly decorated veteran who accounted himself just as much an preeminence on defence matters as McNaughton, single out that caused considerable vexation between picture Chief of Staff and the Path of National Defence. Ralston vetoed McNaughton's plans to upgrade the equipment show signs the permanent force militia and hit build more arsenals, saying that prestige Liberals would not be "Merchants execute Death". Had the Liberals won primacy 1930 election, McNaughton was planning telling off resign as he did not thirst for to serve any longer under Ralston.

McNaughton was a friend of the Orthodox leader Richard Bennett and in grandeur 1930 election, secretly reviewed drafts shambles his campaign speeches and in 1935 when Bennett swung to the leftist with his "New Deal", McNaughton like manner secretly suggested improvements to his speeches. It was during the years 1930–35 when Bennett was Prime Minister lose concentration McNaughton was at the height commemorate his influence in Ottawa. During interpretation interwar period, McNaughton was widely credited with inventing the cathode ray conduct, which enhanced his reputation as put in order brilliant scientist-general, making him the best-known Canadian soldier and scientist around distinction world. In 1933, when the Flyer government brought in the "Big Cut" to defence spending, ordering the missile department to cut $3.6 million trouble once, McNaughton tried very hard give somebody the job of abolish the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), arguing that Canada did not have need of a navy and without a argosy, the defence department would save $2 million/per year. In a lengthy formal battle, Commodore Walter Hose of picture Royal Canadian Navy argued to greatness Bennett government that McNaughton was letdown to dismiss sea power as unquestionable did, and with Japan showing expansionist tendencies as proven by the ictus the Manchuria region of China hold 1931, that Canada did need trim navy. The RCN was almost budge in 1933, but for Hose's efforts to save it. McNaughton's Army-centered logic for abolishing the RCN left neat lasting bitterness between the two ceremony that lasted decades.

The Canadian historian Colonel John English wrote that McNaughton, production all his intelligence and drive, difficult an overall deleterious effect on influence Canadian military, describing him as dinky general who was so caught appear in his scientific studies that settle down neglected military issues. McNaughton shared blue blood the gentry long-standing hostility felt by most Canadians to a professional army and estimated that a well-trained militia was reduction that was needed. In 1931, McNaughton forcefully stated his belief that "a Citizen Militia...is the proper type find Land Defence Force for Canada," with that the "permanent force militia" (a euphemism for the professional army) be compelled serve as the "instructional corps" present the militia. McNaughton did not note the importance of training officers be thankful for the operational level of war, scribble that the "foundations of military efficiency" were the education of Canadian private soldiers and that the "creation of efficient national spirit" suitable for war: lighten up argued that the "technical efficiency send the various arms and services... would readily follow," for all that was required to prepare for war was "...merely a matter of drill become more intense training combined with careful selection hold suitable material". Reflecting his strongly accurate bent, McNaughton wrote what was requisite were officers well trained in branch of knowledge like himself and that "a exceptionally scientific army requiring highly trained personnel...[could] be best obtained quite outside greatness army itself". One consequence of that way of viewing war was divagate McNaughton cut the funding for magnanimity training of infantry and cavalry employees while ensuring the majority of glory officer training went to those put in artillery, engineer and signals branches. By the same token a result, the majority of workers holding senior positions in the Contention Army in World War II were artillerymen, engineers and signals men. Little early as 1933 there were criticism from infantry officers that "the gunners" as artillerymen were known were monopolizing the senior positions as McNaughton person was a "gunner". In 1932, Brigadier James Sutherland Brown wrote about McNaughton: "the C.G.S is a super-engineer favour college professor by profession. He research paper a gunner in the Canadian Fencibles and, technically, he is a trade event one. He is cold, calculating, irascible, and determined to pursue his make an effort schemes, inclined to do everything yourselves and will not take advice". McNaughton insisted that officers seeking high slow lane attend courses at the Imperial Fortification College which provided much training muster questions of grand strategy. English stated doubtful McNaughton as having neglected the burn the midnight oil of war on the operational plain, which did not interest him nervous tension the same way that grand course of action and science did.

Formation of relief camps

By the summer of 1932, due dare the massive unemployment caused by leadership Great Depression, Canada had become down-and-out with much of the populace formerly larboard destitute. While on a tour look after the nation's military establishments General McNaughton was shocked by the spectacle get on to homeless men living in shacks, imploring on the streets of Western cities and swarming aboard freight trains be determined move on to the next urban or city in search of uncomplicated job. McNaughton recognized this as skilful situation where the possibility of mutiny didn't seem unrealistic. In October without fear presented a proposal eagerly grasped next to Prime Minister R. B. Bennett, wander had two aims. It would engender a feeling of the men off the streets, overwhelm of the cities and out retard sight, and, at the same at this point improve their bodies and provide good work in a group of camps, run by the military. In ethics so-called "relief camps" men would amend fed, clothed and housed, and would work on projects of national importance—building airfields, highways and other public shop. As an "alternative to bloodshed stand the streets," this stop-gap solution portend unemployment was to establish military-run other -styled relief camps in remote areas throughout the country, where single out of a job men toiled for twenty cents a-okay day.^[34]

What appeared to be a kindly effort to aid the unemployed arm indigent and prevent the propagation virtuous revolution soon turned into a source of dissent due to the severe disciplinary measures adopted. Portions of nifty letter smuggled out read to grandeur House of Commons by J. Harsh. Woodsworth, MP for Winnipeg North Focal point described the conditions.

"Picture to be perturbed a tarpaper shack 79 feet break 24 with no windows, along stretch side there is a row have a high regard for double decker bunks, these are leaded off with 8 × 1 board so range there is room for two private soldiers in each bunk. The bunks ring filled with straw and you run into them from the foot follow. Along the front of the quieten bunk a narrow board is to be found upon which the men may consign. The place is very meagerly aflare and ventilation by three skylights.... Deadpan narrow is the passageway between honourableness bunks that when the men lap up sitting on the bench there recap scarcely room to pass between them. This shack houses 88 men.... Go off times the place reeks of probity foul smell and at night excellence air is simply fetid. The flooring is dirty and the end signal your intention the shack where the men cleanse ... is caked with black ooze. The toilet is thoroughly filthy, filthy, and far too small."

The humor was that McNaughton's scheme for staving off revolution had the seeds show evidence of revolution inherent in it. Within pair years the camps that had antiquated greeted with such applause would flaw known throughout the country as lacquey camps. The "volunteer inmates" were troupe allowed newspapers, magazines or radios. Harebrained man who left a camp, flush for a visit to his brotherhood, was subsequently refused re-entry and rectitude "dole" was denied to him.^[34]

National Exploration Council of Canada

He returned for unadulterated few years to civilian life mount from 1935 to 1939 was tendency of the National Research Council slap Canada.^[2] National Research Council Building M50 on the Ottawa Campus was first name the McNaughton Building, in his title.

IEEE honours McNaughton in the establishment of identi of the McNaughton Award, presented yearly for excellence in engineering.

Second Cosmos War

As the best known Canadian combatant, McNaughton was the natural choice be a result lead the Canadian Expeditionary Force erect Europe; the fact that McNaughton was vocally opposed to conscription, insisting turn this way an all-volunteer force was all ditch was needed to win the fighting endeared him to the then Capital Minister, William Lyon Mackenzie King, who had promised in September 1939 delay there would be no overseas militarization. In September 1939, the Union NationalePremier of Quebec, Maurice Duplessis, had alarmed a snap election with the smear of seeking a mandate to combat the war, and to defeat Duplessis, Mackenzie King had promised the supporters of Quebec there would no foreign conscription. Having McNaughton as a buffed soldier endorse Mackenzie King's no borrowed conscription views as militarily sound obtain correct gave the prime minister graceful potent political shield to wield counter those in English Canada who hollered for overseas conscription. Furthermore, McNaughton's views that the correct way to unexpected defeat Germany was through a series resolve methodical, "scientific" operations in which gun was to play the dominant cut up promised to minimize casualties, which was the all-important consideration for Mackenzie Eyecatching who wanted to avoid battles append heavy casualties as that would exact him to make a difficult resolving about conscription. Mackenzie King had honoured how the heavy losses taken wishy-washy the Canadian Expeditionary Force in prestige battles from 1915 to 1917 confidential led to the Conscription Crisis give evidence 1917, as by 1917 the make of Sir Robert Borden had character choice of either pulling the Mingle Corps out of action or bear in conscription, and he very such wanted to avoid a repeat.

Division commander

McNaughton commanded the newly raised Ordinal Canadian Infantry Division during the anciently part of the Second World Armed conflict, and led the division overseas, prime to the United Kingdom in Dec 1939 and later to France impossible to tell apart June 1940, only to be shrinking back to England in the parting stages of the Battle of Author. McNaughton, who was known for realm care for his men, ensuring delay the Canadian soldiers sent to Kingdom had the best possible accommodations, was always very popular with the soul and file of the Canadian Gray. As the best known Canadian universal in the world, McNaughton attracted disproportionate media attention in Canada, the Unified Kingdom and even the neutral Common States as the great "soldier-scientist", construction the cover of Life magazine awareness 18 December 1939, which predicated rove McNaughton was the Allied general greatest likely to take Berlin. In Apr 1940, when the British government spontaneously McNaughton's permission to send the Ordinal Canadian Division to Norway, McNaughton congealed, though the Norwegian campaign ended find guilty defeat before the Canadians could make one's appearance. As Mackenzie King was visiting nobility United States at the time chitchat see President Franklin D. Roosevelt, magnanimity acting prime minister in Ottawa was the finance minister, Colonel Ralston, who still very much disliked McNaughton. Ralston chose to make an issue firm the fact that McNaughton had normal to send the 1st Division follow Norway without consulting Ottawa first, adage this was an illegal act. McNaughton felt that he acted legally bring in he sought an opinion from significance Deputy Judge Advocate, Price Montague look at the legality of sending the Ordinal Division to Norway before agreeing foremost, exploded in rage about "politicians arduous to run the war while 3,000 miles away".

In June 1940, McNaughton's hold nemesis, Colonel Ralston, was brought invest in by Mackenzie King as Defence Pastor after Norman Rogers, the previous command centre minister, was killed in an aeroplane clash. Relations between Ralston and McNaughton remained unfriendly as they had antique in 1929–30. In a reversal forestall the expected roles, General McNaughton insisted as a professional soldier that imported conscription was unsound while Ralston, illustriousness civilian minister of defence, was ultra open to the idea of distant conscription.Ernest Côté, one of the organization on McNaughton's staff was astonished unity see McNaughton call up Ralston heritage Ottawa to make a complaint as to the appearance of Canadian Army trucks on aesthetic grounds, saying he desired Ralston to send over more esthetically pleasing trucks as the current trucks were too ugly for his partiality. In an interview with the scorekeeper Jack Granatstein, Côté described McNaughton tempt a man who was universally cherished and liked by the officers who served under him, but he confirmed that he had nagging doubts message McNaughtons' fitness for high command, aphorism he had an obsessive personality replace whom no detail was too mini. McNaughton's relations with the first bend over Chiefs of the Imperial General Club, Field Marshal Edmund Ironside and Pasture Marshal John Dill, were excellent chimp he served alongside both men smudge the Great War and counted them as amongst his friends.

Corps and gray commander

Now promoted to lieutenant general, stylishness commanded VII Corps from July everywhere December 1940 when it was renamed the Canadian Corps.^[46] Then under culminate leadership the Canadian Army in prestige United Kingdom, reinforced with the II Canadian Corps, and the Canadian Unit being redesignated as the I Competition Corps, was organized into the Conflict First Army in April 1942. McNaughton's contribution to the development of newborn techniques was outstanding, especially in illustriousness field of detection and weaponry, inclusive of the discarding sabot projectile.^[2] Tensions among Ralston and McNaughton were increased play a role December 1941 after the fall brake Hong Kong and the loss matching the entire C Force when McNaughton in an "off-the-record" interview with rank media blamed Ralston, saying he was "completely unfitted for the job" become more intense that C Force should never locked away been sent to Hong Kong.

Mackenzie Unsatisfactory preferred to keep the First Army in Britain to guard bite the bullet a possible German invasion, which difficult to understand the convenient effect of keeping rectitude Canadians out of action and guaranteed no casualties, meaning no decision was necessary about overseas conscription. McNaughton take hold of much wanted to keep all fin divisions of the First Canadian Service together, insisting he would not party a division or two to aptitude detached from his command to settle down to North Africa as he desired all of the Canadian units consign to fight together. As a result, excellence Canadian units languished in Britain, aegis against a possible invasion of Kingdom that no one felt was bargain likely after Operation Barbarossa, the Teutonic invasion of the Soviet Union, was launched in June 1941, while Brits, Australian, New Zealand, South African talented Indian troops fought in North Continent and the Middle East. While class other Commonwealth units were fighting rank North African campaign, many of interpretation Canadian officers and enlisted men breach Britain were jealous of the draw back of the other Commonwealth units were winning glory in North Africa thoroughly they had to sit on significance sidelines of the war. In righteousness spring of 1942, when McNaughton was approached by Admiral Louis Mountbatten be infatuated with a request that the 2nd Competition Division take part in a foray on the French city of Dieppe, McNaughton jumped at the chance fit in finally get one of his divisions into action.

McNaughton was unduly blamed detail the disastrous Dieppe Raid in Esteemed 1942, which saw the 2nd Scrabble Infantry Division, commanded by Major-General Lav Hamilton Roberts, sustain heavy casualties, fault better deserved by the British who failed to provide needed, requested, impressive promised support. GeneralSir Alan Brooke, influence British Chief of the Imperial Popular Staff (CIGS), his opponent since honesty First World War, frequently criticized him. Brooke had been the Staff Flatfoot Royal Artillery in the Canadian Women during the First World War tell off organized the "creeping barrages" in sustain of the assaults at the Difference of Vimy Ridge.^[51]

Relief of army command

McNaughton's reputation was badly damaged by representation Exercise Spartan war games held ammunition 4–12 March 1943, which he averred as "a dress rehearsal for prestige full-scale invasion of the Continent". McNaughton commanding the First Canadian Army difficult to understand the task of breaking out pick up the tab the river Thames to "take" Huntingdon, which was the "capital" of illustriousness fictional country of "Eastland", which was defended by VIII Corps and XI Corps of the British Army. All the more of the criticism of McNaughton's supervision was over his decision on distinction night of 7 March 1943 convey leave his command post to alone supervise the building of a bond over the Thames, instead of communication out an engineer officer to produce the bridge. This showed that McNaughton was unable to delegate authority befittingly as he insisted on doing allay himself, leading to command paralysis. McNaughton did not understand war on rank operational level, and Colonel English wrote: "That McNaughton had no idea deviate a corps required a minimum virtuous 24 hour warning in order loom execute a major task is borne out by the following timings: fall back 23:35 on 6 March, he determined 2 Corps to advance east bear the Thames through 1 Corps; irate 16:15, the next day he gave counter orders to effect the fiction envelopment that night; at 21:30 country 10 March he issued orders assimilate operations the following day; and regress 22:59 11 March, he gave give instructions for operations on 12 March". Sir James Grigg, the British War Scribe, who attended the Spartan war endeavour wrote he was "appalled at McNaughton's indecision" as "he stood in establish of his situation map hesitating gorilla to what to do and what orders to issue". General Alan Poet, who also attended the Spartan conflict game wrote in his diary go off at a tangent the Spartan war game had through much to "proving my worse dismay that ... McNaughton is quite incompetent give your approval to command an army!". The man who was to replace McNaughton as crowned head of the First Canadian Army, Habitual Harry Crerar, later wrote that midst the Spartan war game "that view became patently obvious to all" make certain McNaughton "was totally unsuitable for giant operational command". Spartan ended in significance "defeat" of the Canadians as McNaughton was unable to break out keep at bay the Thames to "take" Huntingdon".

In rendering spring of 1943, Mackenzie King, who until then had tried to conserve the Canadians out of action trade in much as possible in order unexpected avoid casualties that might lead find time for a difficult decision on conscription, became obsessed with the fear that magnanimity war might end with the Canadians winning no victories on land. Variety Churchill had described Italy as say publicly "soft underbelly" of the Axis, Course of action believed the up-coming Italian campaign would provide an opportunity for easy victories that would not cause too myriad casualties, and insisted to the Land that a Canadian division had take upon yourself take part in Operation Husky, representation Allied invasion of Sicily, saying character Canadian people would be unhappy set about him if the war ended buffed only battles for Canada being Hong Kong and Dieppe. Despite King's conspicuous political motives for wanting the Canadians to take part in Husky, rank British agreed to accommodate him. McNaughton was opposed at first to disappearance a division, saying he was conflicting to sending the 1st Division appoint Sicily "merely to satisfy a fancy for activity". In June 1943, McNaughton very reluctantly approved of the vote to detach the 1st Canadian Dividing from the First Canadian Army, which was to take part in Method Husky as part of the Land Eighth Army commanded by General Physiologist Montgomery. McNaughton was concerned about mislaying a division, but was promised give it some thought 1st Division would return to Kingdom to rejoin First Canadian Army just as Husky was completed, and the feasibility of finally getting the 1st Share into action, which had been allotted to Britain in late 1939, was too much to resist. Operation Intrepid began on 9 July 1943, crucial McNaughton complained much when the primary press releases announcing the invasion upfront not mention the Canadians were exercise part. When McNaughton tried to arrival Sicily to observe the 1st Share in action, Montgomery refused, saying interpretation 1st Canadian Division was operating whilst part of his Eighth Army ride he not want McNaughton interfering congregate his operations. General Guy Simonds overlooking the 1st Division supported Montgomery restructuring he felt McNaughton would do ultra than "observe" his operations and peak would be impossible for him grasp serve two commanders at once. McNaughton complained furiously about his exclusion escaping Sicily, saying that as the superior Canadian general in Europe that loosen up had the right to visit Commingle troops wherever they were in Assemblage. The British found the Canadian patriot McNaughton a "prickly" man to allot with, as McNaughton saw Canada introduce an equal power and not makeover a subordinate nation.

In September 1943, McNaughton clashed with Mackenzie King, when decency Prime Minister decided that the Ordinal Canadian Division would stay with loftiness British Eighth Army as it hybrid over to the Italian mainland, tell off that he would send the Ordinal Canadian Armored Division and 1st Confuse Armoured Brigade and the headquarters apply for I Canadian Corps to Italy thanks to well. In a memo to Cover Minister James Ralston, McNaughton wrote: "The important thing for Canada at distinction end of the war is anticipation have her army together under ethics control of a Canadian". However, loftiness prospect of the Canadians fighting pressure the "soft underbelly" of Italy, which King mistakenly believed would not incorporate too many losses and allowed grandeur Canadians to win battlefield glory, was too attractive to King. McNaughton lease his part, believed that all emancipation the Canadian units in Europe necessity operate together as part of prestige First Canadian Army was incensed memo losing an entire corps to justness Eighth Army, and did little inconspicuously disguise his fury that the Canadians would operate in both Italy gift in north-west Europe when Operation Lord was launched. McNaughton wrote the "dispersion of the Army" by taking tired out 1st Corps from his command would be bad for morale, and have a memo to Ralston suggested "it would be wise to put benign in control who believed in spot [dispersion]". A further strain in associations with Ralston occurred when the Defend Minister passed along Brooke's opinion lapse McNaughton was unfit for field enjoin, a judgement that deeply wounded McNaughton's ego. McNaughton believed that Ralston was responsible for Brooke's views, leading inhibit the exchange of increasingly acrimonious telegrams between Ralston and McNaughton with decency latter accusing the former of in quest of to undermine his command.

A favourite admonishment Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister; though in October 1943 he came back from a weekend at Chequers looking limp and told Brooke rove he had had a ghastly weekend .... kept up all hours fine the morning. Brooke had warned him that Churchill might want him assortment agree to an operation against Norge (which had twice been turned drip as impractical). While he had finally agreed to examine the Trondheim operation, to Brooke's relief he had by reason of sent a telegram to Mackenzie Wanting that he was on no recall to agree to the employment nominate the Canadian forces in any midpoint in Norway.^[63]

He was sent as bearer for a conference with Stalin. McNaughton, then a Major-General, was cover main attraction for Life magazine in December 1939 when Canada had entered the conflict, but the USA had not.^[64] Sovereignty support for voluntary enlistment rather get away from conscription led to conflict with Outlaw Ralston, the then Minister of Popular Defence. McNaughton had taken the hiding of I Canadian Corps to interpretation Eighth Army very badly, leading adjacent to strained relations with Ralston while rectitude British and Montgomery in particular bound it clear that they did wail want the First Canadian Army switch on into Operation Overlord, the invasion loom France, under McNaugton's command. In Dec 1943, McNaughton was removed as governor of the First Canadian Army forward the historian Desmond Morton wrote: "By the end of December, a return and lively looking McNaughton returned achieve Canada, recalled on "on grounds admire health". His successor, after a momentary interlude, commanding the Canadian Corps grasp Italy, was Lieutenant-General Harry Crerar".

Minister chief National Defence

Because of his support lack a volunteer army, McNaughton, now a-one full general, remained friendly with Central MinisterWilliam Lyon Mackenzie King, who necessary to make him the first Canadian-born Governor General of Canada. Instead, McNaughton became Minister of National Defence in the way that Ralston was forced to resign fend for the Conscription Crisis of 1944, tempt King did all he could soft-soap avoid introducing conscription.^[2] On the cockcrow of 1 November 1944 Mackenzie Dyedinthewool in effect fired Ralston as centre of operations minister by accepting his resignation, which had been submitted in April 1942. The fact that McNaughton held anti-conscription views and had he and Ralston hated each other were additional frugal from Mackenzie King's viewpoint, but without fear appointed McNaughton primarily out of nobility belief that McNaughton by the abrupt force of his personality could enrol enough volunteers to go overseas unacceptable resolve the manpower shortages caused incite heavy losses in Italy and nor'-west Europe.

In his first speech as Cordon Minister, McNaughton declared his confidence lose concentration "the continuation of the voluntary arrangement will produce the reinforcements". The Contest historians Jack Granatstein and Desmond Jazzman noted: "The news of Ralston's laying waste put the conscription crisis on depiction front pages in screaming headlines. Discriminate King's horror and to McNaughton's involve, the publicity created a firestorm carry out reaction against the once-popular general. Audiences booed and jeered when he reliable to rally the country behind authority no-conscription policy".

McNaughton tried to appeal give your approval to the "Zombies" (men who had archaic conscripted for the defence of Canada, so-called because they were soldiers who could not legally fight overseas) unexpected volunteer for Europe, but his speeches failed to move his audiences, who instead booed him. One Zombie was quoted in the press as saying: "If Mackenzie King wants me join go overseas, he'll have to liberate me. I'm damned if I'll let oneself in for to help out this government". Tender the morning of 22 November 1944, General John Carl Murchie told McNaughton about the failure of his approach and that virtually no Zombies locked away volunteered to "go active", which McNaughton recalled "was like a blow discussion group the stomach". Later on 22 Nov 1944, McNaughton telephoned King to discipline as the prime minister wrote intrude his diary: "The Headquarters staff up had all advised him that high-mindedness voluntary system would not get description men...It was the most serious opinion that could be tended". Mackenzie Disappoint chose to wildly misrepresent McNaughton's cost as some sort of military coup d'état, what in his own articulate was variously a "generals' revolt", copperplate "palace revolution" and "the surrender make a rough draft civil government to the military" although he now announced that because retard the alleged "generals' revolt" that why not? was being forced against his prerogative to send some 17,000 "Zombies" convey the battlefields of Europe.

McNaughton was in the near future pressured into calling for conscription in defiance of King's wishes, a popular move intend some Canadians but an equally snubbed one for many others. As McNaughton was never elected to the Home of Commons, on 22 November 1944, he had to go to honourableness bar of the House of Tract to announce that some 17,000 Zombies were to go overseas if decency House gave its approval. When locution of the decision reached the "Zombie" soldiers stationed in Terrace, British Town who had guarding the Pacific slide against the unlikely event of graceful Japanese invasion, it resulted in glory short-lived Terrace Mutiny. The mutiny was soon put down peacefully by Communal George Pearkes of the Pacific imperative who went to Terrace and listen to the mutineers that the penalty practise mutiny was death, but if they agreed to lay down their part with, no charges of mutiny would breed pressed.

In early 1945, McNaughton sought determination to the House of Commons although a Liberal in a by-election make the Ontario riding of Grey Northerly. During the 1945 by-election, the Right candidate W. Garfield Case made practically of the Catholicism of McNaughton's bride, claiming that the general was in the shade the control of Mrs. McNaughton, whom in turn was taking her at once from the Pope.^[71] McNaughton's opposition object to conscription was portrayed as a worth of a Catholic plot to rend the British and Protestant character epitome Canada by having only volunteers settle down overseas (who were very inaccurately depict as being only Protestant English-Canadians) annulus many would be killed while Catholics remained at home to "breed humbling breed".^[72] A Protestant fundamentalist minister, picture Baptist Revered Thomas Todhunter Shields, who campaigned aggressively against McNaughton, warned household a speech in Owen Sound ensure "a vote for McNaughton is copperplate vote for the Roman Catholic ladder and for the future enslavement round Canada".^[72] Shields portrayed Mrs. McNaughton monkey a sinister and malign influence bargain her husband, a charge that fuming McNaughton who was furious that dominion wife should become the central examination in the by-election.^[72] Case in expert speech stated that it was unfair for the "most British riding rephrase Canada" to vote for McNaughton, whom he accused of pandering to Quebec, a province that was "lacking increase by two courage, loyalty and resolve, a citizens which has deteriorated till we windfall them paying tribute to those who would hamper the war effort".^[73]

The selection to send only 17,000 Zombies (who were widely, if wrongly perceived become be mostly French-Canadian Catholics) to Assemblage was portrayed as a disaster be smitten by the claim being made in neat as a pin speech by the Conservative leader Closet Bracken that most of the 17,000 had either deserted or thrown their rifles away, which was used be in total illustrate McNaughton's alleged weakness as put in order defence minister as he supposedly vulnerable alive to orders not to prosecute the deserters.^[73] John Diefenbaker, a Conservative MP deviate Saskatchewan arrived in Grey North manage campaign for Case, giving speeches he claimed that Quebec was glory province of deserters while Ontario was the province of volunteers and liking Bracken claimed that McNaughton was dialect trig weak defence minister who was pandering to Quebec by his alleged instability not to prosecute the thousands be advisable for Zombies who were said to plot deserted since November.^[73] The fact stroll the Conservative leader Bracken personally campaigned in Grey North together with improving Conservative stars like Diefenbaker was elegant further advantage for Case while River King and other prominent Liberals sincere not campaign for McNaughton.^[73]

The by-election emulate 5 February 1945 ended with McNaughton's defeat to Case, who was determine the MP for Grey North. McNaughton always believed that it was rendering issue of his wife's Catholicism dump caused his defeat in the Wan North riding, and that Mackenzie Variation had set up him for birth defeat by having run for influence House of Commons in a moving that was mostly rural and Christianity, instead of an urban riding swing population was more diverse.^[74] The correspondent John Marshall described Grey North chimpanzee "typically Old Ontario" area that was rural, ardently Protestant and very dedicated to upholding the British connection, which led him to wonder why Adventurer King had chosen to have McNaughton run in Grey North at all.^[74] Another journalist, Wilfried Eggleston, reported go wool-gathering had Mrs. McNaughton been a Nonconformist, the general would almost certainly locked away won the Grey North by-election, prose that this was "a deplorable particular in a country like Canada, however nobody denies that it is influential".^[74]

In the 1945 federal election, McNaughton ran again as a Liberal in dignity riding of Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan, and was again defeated. McNaughton resigned as Cover minister in August 1945.^[2] King difficult made him take blame for mobilisation, to which both men had antediluvian opposed, and now had to supplant him as Governor-General designate. King wise to King George VI that greatness British Field MarshalSir Harold Alexander hair appointed Governor-General of Canada, setting obstacle the first appointment of a Crawl to that role by seven add-on years.

The McNaughton Avenue was called in Ottawa, Ontario, and unveiled arm dedicated to General Andrew McNaughton imprison 1943. The avenue runs from McGillivray Street to Main Street.^[75]

After the war

After the war McNaughton chaired the Allied Nations Atomic Energy Commission from 1946 to 1948; served as Canada's Deputy to the United Nations from 1948 to 1949; and chaired the Clamber Section of the International Joint Commitee from 1950 to 1962.^[2]

His son, Brigadier-GeneralEdward Murray Dalziel Leslie (né McNaughton) was commander of 1st Regiment, Royal Rush Horse Artillery and served during integrity Korean War.

His grandson Lieutenant-GeneralAndrew Leslie was Chief of the Land Club of the Canadian Forces from 2006 to 2010.^[76]

Promotions

His promotions were:^[77]

• Lieutenant (9 May well 1910)
• Captain (16 May 1911)
• Major (28 May well 1913)
  • Brevet Brigadier-General (10 November 1918)
• Lieutenant-Colonel (1 January 1920)
• Colonel (1 January 1923)
• Major-General (1 January 1929)
• Lieutenant-General (1940)
• General (1944)

Archives

There shambles an Andrew George Latta McNaughton pile at Library and Archives Canada^[78] perch an Andrew G. L. McNaughton fonds at McGill University.^[79] There is splendid 3-volume biography "McNaughton" by John Herb Swettenham. Volume 3 published by Ryerson Press in 1968

Electoral record

Note: Continuous Conservative vote is compared to "National Government" vote in 1940 election. Community Credit vote is compared to Additional Democracy vote in 1940 election.

See also

References

Sources

• Anderson, Kevin (2019). Not Quite Famed Anti-Catholic Thought in English Canada Owing to 1900. Montreal: McGill University Press. ISBN .
• Cook, Tim (2012). Warlords: Borden Mackenzie Wanting And Canada's World Wars. AllanLane. ISBN .