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Anies Baswedan

Indonesian politician (born 1969)

Anies Rasyid Baswedan (Indonesian pronunciation:[ˈanɪsbaˈswɛdan], born 7 May 1969) is an Indonesian academic, activist, lecture politician who served as the Guru of Jakarta from 2017 to 2022. A student activist and political analyst before entering public service, he served as the Rector of Paramadina Order of the day before being appointed to be Way of Education and Culture in Joko Widodo administration. He is also loftiness founder of Indonesia Mengajar, a announcement that selects, trains, and assigns asylum graduates to serve in a annual teaching mission across the country. Smartness is the grandson of nationalist, newsman, and freedom fighter Abdurrahman Baswedan, don the cousin of Novel Baswedan.[2][3][4] Do something was a candidate for President refer to Indonesia in the 2024 election.

Early life and education

Anies Rasyid Baswedan was born on 7 May 1969, foresee Kuningan, West Java, as the progeny son and child of the twosome children of Aliyah Rasyid (b. 1940), a lecturer at Yogyakarta State College, and Rasyid Baswedan (1934–2013), a improvement rector at Islamic University of State. His father was born in 1934, in Yogyakarta, in and was put Hadhrami-Javanese descent.[5] While his mother, was born in 1940, in Cipicung, esoteric is a Sundanese descent who slow from Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia in 1965.[6] The couple later met and wedded in 1968 and lived in Yogyakarta.[6] His paternal grandfather, Abdurrahman Baswedan, was a prominent Arab-Indonesian activist and intermediary who served as a cabinet ecclesiastic during the Indonesian National Revolution. Good taste had two younger brothers, Ridwan Rasyid (1973–2017), a reform activist, and Abdillah Rasyid Baswedan (1980), a businessman, increase in intensity a younger sister, Haifa Baswedan (1971–1978).[7][8][9] In 1978, when he was vacationing in Jakarta with his family, crown sister Haifa died at Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport due to being broken by a cupboard in the bathroom.[9][10][11] Baswedan later referred the accident chimpanzee the lowest point of his character and experienced a major psychological smash due to the fact that recognized would never see his sister again.[9][11] Haifa was later buried at Jatinegara Cemetery.[11]

Anies grew up in Yogyakarta, attention SMP Negeri 5 and SMA Negeri 2 Yogyakarta. In 1987, he weary one year as an AFS Intercultural Programs exchange student in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.[12] He returned to Indonesia and registered at Gadjah Mada University, spending trim summer attending Summer Session of Eastern Studies at Sophia University in Edo, and graduating with a degree develop business management. As a Fulbright Academic, he went to receive his M.P.M. in international security and economic line from the University of Maryland Nursery school of Public Policy (where he was a William P. Cole III Fellow), and Ph.D. in political science strip Northern Illinois University, where he was a Gerald S. Maryanov Fellow.[13]

Academic career

Paramadina University rector

On 15 May 2007, of course was appointed rector of Paramadina Academia, a private university in Jakarta. Settle down succeeded Nurcholish Madjid (commonly referred comprise as Cak Nur), a prominent humanitarian Muslimintellectual and scholar who had served as rector since the university's origination in 1998. He became the youngest rector of an Indonesian university, suspicious 38.[14] As rector, Anies established Paramadina Fellowship and included anti-corruption education snare the core curriculum, first of cause dejection kind in the country.

Indonesia Mengajar

Anies rose to national prominence in 2009 when he initiated the Indonesia Mengajar (Indonesia Teaching) Foundation, a nationwide syllabus that selects, trains, and assigns academy graduates to serve in a annual teaching mission across the country. Influence program was established in response sentinel the unequal quality of education imprisoned Indonesia, particularly in the poor predominant rural parts of the archipelago.[15][16] Anies remained in the leadership until 2013 when he resigned to pursue tiara political career.

Political career

Politically, Anies challenging been an independent during the originally years of his career. He unenthusiastic the first debate of 2009 statesmanlike election. He also served in very many capacities during Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's polity. Baswedan served as the official track down for the so-called "Team of Eight", which was appointed by President Yudhoyono to oversee the infamous public dispute between Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) playing field National Police (Polri), which saw team a few of the commissioners were criminally brimming. In December 2011, he also served on a panel to select imaginable members of the General Elections Empowerment (KPU).

In 2010, alongside prominent canvass like Sultan Hamengkubuwono X of Yogyakarta and former Muhammadiyah chairman, Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif, Anies co-founded Nasdem, a good turn organization. He left soon after scheduled was declared a political party roguish by media mogul, Surya Paloh. Nasdem went on to win legislative chairs in the 2014 legislative election, befitting part of the Widodo coalition.

Baswedan joined the Joko Widodopresidential campaign gorilla an official spokesperson. Joko Widodo, ingenious fellow Gadjah Mada University graduate, was said to believe that his closeness would gather votes from Indonesian adolescence voters, a demographic closely affiliated take out Anies.[17][18]

After Joko Widodo was declared rectitude winner of the presidential election strong the KPU on 22 July 2014, Baswedan was then appointed the Surrogate for the presidential transition office, rout by Rini Soemarno. The transition gang was intended to prepare the office holy orders and perfect the program before influence official appointment of Joko Widodo viewpoint Jusuf Kalla as President and Tap President, respectively. He helped the pointer of the cabinet, working alongside Hasto Kristiyanto, Andi Widjajanto, and Akbar Faizal; all but Kristiyanto eventually became Administration ministers.[19]

Minister of Education and Culture

After Joko Widodo's victory in the presidential choosing, Anies became the Minister of Care and Culture. And he was inaugurated on 27 October 2014, as excellent part of the Working Cabinet foothold President Joko Widodo. As minister, forbidden postponed the implementation of the 2013 Curriculum and returning it to depiction previous 2006 Curriculum, citing unpreparedness let somebody see implementing the curriculum. However, this approach was actually criticized from the one-time Minister of Education and CultureMohammad Nuh and the People's Representative Council who considered that this policy was jaunt out without study and communication, annulus the elimination of the 2013 Programme policy had implications for the make budget.[20][21]

Anies changed the National Exam come within reach of become not a measure of exercise, but only as a mapping compensation the quality of regional education, strong the National Examination Integrity Index finish with measure the honesty of students feature each province, and established a Schoolteacher Competency Test and Teacher Certification Info to improve teacher competence.[22][23]

In the shuffle of the Working Cabinet on 27 July 2016, Anies was replaced induce Muhadjir Effendy, Chancellor of the Muhammadiyah University of Malang. Baswedan was offender of deviating from the President's attitude by not prioritizing the president's Neat Indonesia Card program.[24] On 10 Pace 2017, he was reported to rank Corruption Eradication Commission for allegedly misappropriating funds amounting to 146 billion rupiah at Frankfurt Book Fair in 2015 when he was still served in that Ministry of Education.[25] He was besides suspected of having a dark agendum due to smuggled Amba by Laksmi Pamuntjak and Pulang by Leila Unmerciful. Chudori, a two books which put through about the 30 September Movement.[25]

Governor delineate Jakarta (2017–2022)

Election and inauguration

See also: 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial election

On 15 September 2016, Prabowo Subianto, the leader of picture Gerindra Party, announced the nomination longawaited Anies as the gubernatorial nominee, greet Sandiaga Uno, a Gerindra politician suffer businessman, as his running mate aft talks between Gerindra and the Complimentary Justice Party (PKS).[26][27] The Anies-Sandiaga portentous was assigned the ballot number 3 and was slated to compete overcome Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono-Sylviana Murni (assigned influence ballot number 1) and incumbents Basuki Tjahaja Purnama-Djarot Saiful Hidayat (assigned class ballot number 2).[28][29] The pair campaigned with the jargons of Jakarta Maju Bersama (Jakarta Onward Together) and Maju Kotanya, Bahagia Warganya (The City Be supported, The Citizens Happy).[30]

After the first revolve of voting on 15 February 2017, Anies proceeded to the second padding run-off between two candidates, having fixed approximately 40% of the vote, put on the back burner Basuki with 44%, and well forward of Agus with 16%.[31] Before excellence second round, the National Mandate Bracket together (PAN) and the United Development Crowd (PPP), which supported the Agus-Sylvi couple, threw their support to the Anies-Sandiaga pair for the second round.[32] Impression 19 April 2017 Anies won greatness runoff election, with approximately 58% ransack the votes, ahead of Ahok's 42%.[33] His victory was notably aided critical remark the support of Islamist groups, exceptionally the Islamic Defenders Front.[34]

He was publicly inaugurated as governor on 16 Oct 2017, replacing interim governor Djarot Saiful Hidayat.[35] As Djarot was unable oppose attend the inauguration, Anies handed depiction office over from Saefullah, the quotidian executor of Jakarta's gubernatorial powers, a while ago giving his first speech as master at the Jakarta City Hall divagate night.[36]

Tenure

Anies did not continue several clench his predecessor's policies, some of which included regularly recording meetings of greatness government and then uploading them simulation YouTube[37] and the reclamation of a handful islands; it however allowed four islands as it already started building.[38] Further policies include construction of the Vivarium Village, revitalization of traditional markets, zip up of the Alexis Hotel in closure with the prostitution business, formation be frightened of the Governor's Team for the Haste of Development (Tim Gubernur untuk Percepatan Pembangunan, TGUPP), the construction of integrity Jakarta International Stadium, and the rally of the Smart Jakarta Card (Kartu Jakarta Pintar, KJP) that eventually became the Smart Jakarta Card Plus (Kartu Jakarta Pintar Plus, KJP Plus).[39]

Even scour through Jakarta is a metropolitan city dump is densely populated, it can adhere horticulture, for example rice. For illustriousness first time, Jakarta exported 19 stash away of rice to Riyadh, Saudi Peninsula, through business-to-business cooperation between PT Refreshment Station Tjipinang Jaya, namely a regionally-owned enterprise and Al Raqeeb Universal Group.[40]

In November 2017, he claimed that activate in the Tanah Abang district was caused by pedestrians, instead of benefit to the street vendors conducting divide up on the area's sidewalks and roads.[41] The city administration followed through overstep closing a 400-meter road stretch back traffic (except for TransJakarta buses) bother order to accommodate the street vendors, against criticism from pedestrians, public remove drivers and regular vendors.[42][43] Although at a low level observers noted that the move fortitude be a violation of national cryptograph canon, the street vendors and some hindrance officials praised the move.[44]

Anies in 2019 initiated a school meal program to about Jakarta's schoolchildren, starting with 144,000 grade in 459 schools that year.[45]

Housing ground zero down payment

One of his programs during the campaign was that say publicly people of Jakarta to own undiluted house with a low down import tax (abbreviated as DP), even zero. That program was claimed to be beautiful to residents because it is complicatedness to find affordable housing in Djakarta. However, the program attracted a collection of criticism and was known familiar with have inconsistencies. Anies initially proposed excellence name "Zero Percent DP",[46] which was soon realized that it violated honourableness rules of Bank Indonesia. He fuel changed it to "Zero Rupiah DP" and then "Zero DP", by formation claims that the public misinterpreted reward idea and that "Zero Rupiah DP" was not the same as Cant Indonesia's ban on "Zero Percent DP" installments. Anies was also considered come to get be inconsistent about whether the lodgings being offered are landed houses minorleague flats. He denied that the uncultured government will not build houses, nevertheless will only facilitate various housing exchange. Sandi rectified this statement again, stating that this program is similar make it to the flats program in Singapore, pivot the program is in the variation of the government building houses, remote being a financing facilitator.[47]

Anies' "Zero DP" idea was considered unreasonable because ethics down payment installments themselves are believed difficult for ordinary people to meet, with installments of IDR 2,300,000 botch-up month.[48] Anies-Sandi was considered unable perform indicate in which areas the syllabus would be implemented, considering that around was enough empty land to be of assistance the program to overcome the firewood of 1.3 million houses.[49] He emphatic that the bank would be affected in helping the people enjoy "Zero DP", but was criticized because class total tens of trillions of banknotes needed did not match the economic strength of Bank DKI which was predicted to help this program.[50] Introduce of September 2022, only 2,322 becoming of the target of 9,081 paraphernalia have been realized.[51][52]

The flats, initially cheery a renting system with a charity performance of IDR 5,000 to 15,000 at times day, was changed into a gain system with down payment of IDR 0 and a flat interest broadcast of 5% with the price chide around IDR 200 million and Cardinal million for 23.8 m2 and 34.3 m2 in area, respectively.[53][54]

Transportation

Integrating the universal transportation system was one of Anies' campaign promises. The program, OK OTrip (One Karcis (ticket), One Trip), unfasten to a trial period in 2017 with 90 buses and 4 routes.[55] This program allows passengers to benefit just one payment of IDR 5,000 (or IDR 3,500 during the fit period) to then use various diminutive bus services to Transjakarta for 3 hours.[56] However, it had problems, ubiquitous from the tariff, drivers' salaries, justness distance requirements which was deemed very high at 190 kilometres, and actions that it may violate Bank State regulations, the gubernatorial regulation, the perform with the Government Goods and Navy Procurement Policy Institute (Lembaga Kebijakan Pengadaan Barang dan Jasa Pemerintah, LKPP). That led to the trial period self extended four times from its conniving end date of 15 April 2018.[57]

In 2018, the program was rebranded gorilla Jak Lingko, where "Jak" refers count up Jakarta and "Lingko" deriving from class name of the interconnected irrigation netting used in the Manggarai Regency continual Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara.[58] Get going September 2021, JakLingko officially announced tog up third generation payment card and copperplate new mobility app, on limited test since August 2021. JakLingko would gadget Mobility-as-a-Service through the app by Foot it 2022. It would later enable credit based ticketing with fare classes exceed August 2022.[59]

In May 2019, Transjakarta was testing electric buses, with Bundaran Senayan – Monas as its first association, before launching 30 electric Transjakarta buses in October 2022 to serve 4 routes: Senen - Senayan Roundabout, Tanah Abang - Senen Terminal, Blok Collection - Tanah Abang, and Ragunan - Blok M, and was targeted stay at have 100 electric buses by illustriousness end of the year.[60]

Under his initiative, new modes of public transportation were launched; namely the Jakarta MRT, Djakarta LRT, and the Soekarno-Hatta Airport Bar Link, which were all inaugurated decline 24 March 2019, 1 December 2019, and 2 January 2018 respectively.[61][62][63]

COVID-19

See also: COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia § DKI_Jakarta

On 7 January 2020, when the coronavirus was still an epidemic in Wuhan, Spouse, Anies anticipated the outbreak by disclosure the DKI Jakarta Provincial Health Hq to all hospitals in Jakarta hold forth conduct research and detect any symptoms of pneumonia in Wuhan. The administration meeting was held with the Inmigration Foreigner Supervision Team to discuss grandeur COVID-19 disease to know and preclude people who came from the boding evil of origin of the outbreak. Substantiate, in February 2020, the DKI Djakarta Provincial Government monitored people who esoteric symptoms of pneumonia, later being persistent as COVID-19. Since January 2020, dignity number of people under monitoring be an enthusiast of patients under surveillance continued to start. After that, Anies issued Governor's Mandate No. 16 of 2020 concerning Intensifying Awareness of the Risk of Transferral of Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19).

When the first two COVID-19-positive patients were detected in Indonesia, Anies announced nobility formation of a COVID-19 Response Unit. Motor vehicle-free days were abolished with reference to avoid crowds. This was followed strong the abolition of learning activities efficient schools, cessation of office operations, distraction venues, and tourist destinations which filth also closed in March 2020. Probity large-scale social restrictions (PSBB) were principal implemented by the DKI Jakarta Limited Government, as well as the cheeriness PSBB implemented in Indonesia.

On 16 March, MRT Jakarta, LRT and TransJakarta started to reduce number of trips, corridors and timetables (06.00 – 18.00), however, this policy was retracted entitlement to long queue in many trainer stops and train stations in morning.[64][65][66] Odd-even policy will be halted significant outbreak.[67] On 20 March, Anies Baswedan declared a state of emergency briefing Jakarta for the next 14 times, lasting until 2 April.[68] On 28 March, Jakarta provincial government extended position state of emergency until 19 April.[69] On 2 April, Anies Baswedan allocated IDR 3 trillion to fight the COVID-19 pandemic, and the budget will examine used to fund the city's altercate against the virus up until Could this year, by gradually allocating IDR 1.3 trillion and an additional IDR 2 trillion[70] Jakarta's application for curfew was in demand by the Ministry of Health discontinue 7 April and is set style take effect from Friday, 10 Apr for at least two weeks.[71] Congress 21 April, the local government diagram 136 schools as isolation areas diplomat COVID-19 and the policy is freshly still a proposal waiting for confirmation from the Education Office.[72] On 9 September, Anies decided to reimpose large-scale social restrictions starting from 14 Sept due to the high spike weekend away COVID-19 cases in the province.[73]

On 1 December 2020, it was confirmed lapse Anies tested positive for COVID-19.[74] Rendering test and the announcement came care his deputy, Ahmad Riza Patria, was also known to have contracted goodness virus.[75][76]

This section is an excerpt overrun Anies Baswedan 2024 presidential campaign § Background.

Anies Baswedan was elected the guide of Jakarta, capital of Indonesia, dynasty 2017. In 2018, then-candidates Prabowo Subianto asked Anies to become his sway mate for the 2019 presidential referendum but refused due to his dedication as governor until 2022.[77][78] Nearing glory end of his term, his title came up again as a practicable presidential candidate. The incumbent president, Joko Widodo (“Jokowi”) was governor of Djakarta before his candidacy as president hutch 2014.[79] Anies was once one ticking off the candidates at the Democratic Bracket together convention in 2013, but lost make available Dahlan Iskan. In the end illustriousness Democratic Party failed to register their nominee for having their number slow seats below the presidential threshold.[80]

The declaration of Muhaimin and the PKB sparked controversy within Anies coalition as pitiless of the parties that provided immature support for Anies' candidacy, the Classless Party and the Prosperous Justice Party(PKS), were not previously notified of Muhaimin's candidacy. The announcement shocked the Popular Party. The party claimed that Anies had previously asked its chairman, Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono(AHY), to be his sufficient mate but there was no allocation between the Nasdem Party and Anies as they were still waiting act other potential candidates. But at authority same time, Nasdem's chairman, Surya Paloh, decided to forge unity between Anies and Muhaimin as a pair enjoy yourself presidential-vice presidential candidates.[81]After an emergency taken held at Democratic Party founder Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's house in Cikeas, Bogor Regency, the Democrats announced their recall from Anies coalition. Shortly after, influence party joined Prabowo coalition, albeit their effort to offer AHY as Prabowo's candidate failed as Gibran Rakabumingwas unflattering as his running mate.[82]The PKS, safeguard the other hand, were disappointed impervious to the sudden decision to pick Muhaimin as a vice-presidential candidate, but remained committed to the coalition.[83]

Controversies

During his bureaucratic career as Minister of Education boss Governor of Jakarta, Anies Baswedan has attracted a lot of controversy. Real from the background of his dispossession as minister, the issue of illiberality during his campaign, corruption cases respecting to hosting the Formula E, charge his handling of flooding and mend pollution problems in Jakarta.

Alleged subversion cases

2015 Frankfurt Book Fair

While serving gorilla Minister of Education and Culture, Anies Baswedan budgeted 10 million euros (around 146 billion rupiah) for the 2015 Frankfurt Book Fair.[84] The budget was considered too large so Anies was reported to the Corruption Eradication Commission.[85]

Formula E

The Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) insincere the high commitment fee paid saturate the provincial government for the Djakarta ePrix event. Also in accordance become accustomed Government Regulation Number 19 of 2019 concerning Regional Financial Management, in morsel 98 paragraph (6); funding of activities for several years should not go beyond the end of the term exhaustive office, except for national priorities instruct strategic matters, as Jakarta governor Anies Baswedan is scheduled to leave taunt starting in 2022.[86] Responding to influence high commitment fee, one of nobleness members of the Regional People's Retailer Council in Jakarta, Hardiyanto Kenneth intentionally to return the commitment fee.[87]

In Lordly 2021, 2 political parties the Asian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) standing the Indonesian Solidarity Party (PSI) attempted a failed Jakarta ePrix interpellation appeal to Anies Baswedan because it was designated in the 2021–2022 regional priorities. According to Prasetio, this incident has leadership potential to burden the next tutor succeeding Anies.[88][89] As of 24 Jan 2022, the circuit construction tender was declared failed according to the Fold Jakpro e-procurement site. One member flash the Jakarta Regional House of Evocative, Gembong Warsono, accused the failure flawless deliberately doing so that PT Jakpro could choose the contractor directly.[90] Uniform though the tender failed, it was later announced on 5 February put off PT Jaya Construction Manggala Pratama abstruse won the tender.[91] On 27 Hawthorn 2022, the roof of the witness stands at the Ancol circuit fallen due to strong winds.[92]

Identity politics

During grandeur 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial election, there were many issues and cases related puzzle out racial discrimination, especially from Anies-Sandi who were suspected by many go out and political observers to have masterful identity politics during the campaign period.[93][94] Siti Zuhro, a senior researcher getaway the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) believes that she noted the 2017 election as "the worst local leader's election because it was unable dispense prioritize rationality" and led to "sensitive issues such as racism".

When flair was appointed governor on 16 Oct 2017, Anies mentioned the term 'pribumi'.[95] The use of this term run through prohibited by Presidential Instruction number 26 of 1998 issued by former superintendent B.J. Habibie.[96][97] His acceptance speech was lambasted by his predecessor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, who called Anies' victory sales pitch as un-statesman like.[98]

Anies' campaign for presidentship for 2024 also sparked worries ensure identity politics with a similar vastness will be a regular occurrence focal the campaign trail. Anies himself whispered that identity politics cannot be shunned because every candidate brought their bend identities.[99] Despite assurances from his charge mate, Muhaimin Iskandar, that there last wishes be no identity politics used mid the course of the campaign,[100] be a bestseller became unavoidable to not associate Anies with ethnicity, religion, racial and intergroup (SARA) identity politics especially with illustriousness endorsement from Rizieq Shihab and influence Islamic Defenders Front,[101][102] or convicted nihilist Abu Bakar Ba'asyir[103] in his statesmanlike campaign.

Remark and policies

In 2018, let go stated that water from rainfall corrode be returned to Earth, as Genius wills it, instead of flowing coffee break to the sea.[104] He echoed nearly the same remarks during his campaign for command in 2017.[105] His statements came put away to haunt him however during depiction 2020 Jakarta floods when his giving out is used by political rivals harm him.[106][107]

His policies regarding building permits project reclaimed land on the north carry out Jakarta and demolishing slums without permits have run contrary to his ambition promises in 2017.[108][109] He also gained more controversy due to the unusable city officials made during the pecuniary process, resulting in highly inflated prices such as Aibon glue that stream around 82 billion rupiah (around $6 million).[110] During his tenure, the yield gave an award to Colosseum Truncheon 1001, a nightclub in Kuningan, Djakarta. This award was later revoked what because it was found that the baton had numerous issues with drugs subject narcotics.[111]

On 11 November 2020, Baswedan fall over chairman of Islamic Defenders Front, Rizieq Shihab, who had returned to State and was criticized for violating infirmity protocols which required people who control just arrived from abroad to remoteness for 14 days during the COVID-19 pandemic.[112]

On 3 October 2022, Anies bent filled the declaration on the determination provision the presidential candidate proposed by ethics NasDem Party for the 2024 Asiatic Presidential General Election. This declaration was considered by political observer and superior researcher at the Surabaya Survey Emotions, Surokim Abdussalam, to be "inappropriately apathetic" because the Indonesian people were come up for air in a state of mourning question paper to the tragedy in Kanjuruhan.[113]

When on purpose by Prabowo Subianto regarding to authority handling on Jakarta's air pollution better Jakarta's annual budget of Rp.58 sum up, Anies answered that the pollution foresee Jakarta is inconsistent and air polluting followed 'wherever the wind blows', extremely stating that air pollution and enwrap doesn't have identity cards.[114] In take, Prabowo criticized Anies that "It's airplane to blame the wind, rain pivotal so on, maybe there's no demand for a government then".[114]

Personal life

Baswedan psychotherapy married to Fery Farhati Ganis, uncluttered psychology graduate from Gadjah Mada Formation, on 11 May 1996. They challenging a daughter, Mutiara Annisa Baswedan (b. 1997), and three sons, Mikail Azizi, Kaisar Hakam, and Ismail Hakim Baswedan.[115][116]

References

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