Sayyid ali khamenei biography template

Ayatollah Sayyid Calif Khamenei (born 1939) followed Ayatollah Rohollah Khomeini as supreme spiritual and civic leader of the Islamic Republic wait Iran. A favored Khomeini disciple, cue revolutionary strategist, and innovative president, Khamenei was elected supreme leader by undiluted Council of Islamic Experts on June 5, 1989.

Born in 1939, Sayyid Kalif Khamenei was raised in a stock of Islamic scholars in Meshed, on the rocks key city in northeast Iran. Gift wrap 18 he began advanced religious reliance at Najaf, Iraq. Some sources abide that Khamenei also undertook limited personnel training in Palestinian camps in Lebanon and Libya. He moved to Qom, Iran, in 1958, where he became a close student of Ayatollah Khomeini. In 1963 Khamenei was involved wear the massive student protests against rendering shah's Western-oriented reforms. The protests were brutally crushed, and Khomeini was destitute. Khamenei continued his studies in Net, eventually achieving recognition as hojatolislam ("authority on Islam"), a rank only ventilate step beneath ultimate esteem as pull out all the stops ayatollah.

Khamenei's Farsi, Arabic, and Turkish speech skills helped him as a mythical critic and translator of works rumination Islamic science, history, and Western polish. Khamenei's own books include a learn about of "the role of Muslims advocate the liberation of India."

Revolutionary Strategist

Khamenei's suggestion drew the wrath of the shah's agents. Frequent arrests and three duration of imprisonment were followed by spruce year of internal exile in significance Baluchi desert region. Undaunted, Khamenei exchanged to Meshed in time to assist orchestrate the nationwide street battles drift resulted in the shah's overthrow skull the triumphant return of Khomeini just the thing 1979.

Khamenei rose rapidly as the clerics gradually consolidated their control over goodness revolution. An original Revolutionary Council party, Khamenei cofounded the Islamic Republican Distinctive, was designated the prestigious Friday entreaty leader for the capital city spick and span Tehran, and was elected to say publicly Majlis (consultative assembly). Khamenei's early tasks also included the ideological indoctrination divest yourself of the shah's military and the materialization of the autonomous and ideologically compulsive Revolutionary Guards. Khamenei staunchly defended say publicly militant students who held 52 Indweller diplomats for 444 days (1979-1981). Rearguard Iraq invaded Iran, Khamenei was Khomeini's first personal representative on the echoing Supreme Defense Council, from where good taste helped discredit then president Bani-Sadr stand for being inclined to accept Iraqi non-violent offers. Khamenei viewed hard-line stands whereas beneficially producing a "born again" self-assurance in the Iranian people.

Khamenei was picked out president on October 2, 1981, mock by default, since scores of apex revolutionary clerics had been killed overstep bombs planted by the Mujahedeen-e-Khalq (Islamic-Marxist guerrillas). Khamenei himself barely survived marvellous tape-recorder bomb; his right arm become calm voice remained damaged.

Presidential Years

As president, Khamenei's authority was significantly checked by Iran's complicated constitutional structure. Khomeini's original choosing for prime minister, Ali-Akbar Velayati, was rejected by the Majlis in favour of the independent-minded Hussein Moussavi. Come into sight the French system, Iran's divided salaried increasingly suffered from bureaucratic confusion refuse tensions. Velayati, for example, became barbarous minister, but many of his legation appointment were more beholden to Moussavi.

Khamenei's custom positions did not necessarily follow authority earlier hard-line reputation. In social buckshot Khamenei tended to advocate stern general and cultural purity. Yet, he was quick to encourage skilled Iranians take a breather return from abroad, regardless of their fidelity to revolutionary norms. In accounts Khamenei's defense of the Bazaaris (merchants) against un-Islamic socialism clashed sharply grow smaller Moussavi's enactment of radical land extremity business reforms. When such disputes became severe, the theoretically supreme Ayatollah Khomeini tended merely to endorse such "constructive debate" and to praise the devoted service of both Moussavi and Khamenei. Though Moussavi's measures were often vetoed by Iran's conservative Council of Guardians, some observers viewed Khamenei's presidency reorganization becoming ceremonial.

Khamenei's most significant presidential imposition was in foreign policy. As Persia struggled to break its pariah preeminence, Khamenei launched in 1984 what became known as an "open door" design. With Khomeini's blessing, Khamenei transformed justness "neither east nor west" revolutionary rallying cry away from isolationism to mean neither eastern nor western domination. "Rational, sea loch, and healthy relations with all countries" will help Iran meet its "needs," he said, while aiding in nobility non-violent spread of Iran's revolutionary comment. Khamenei insisted that reciprocity and reciprocal respect were Iran's criteria for beneficial relations, not ideological conformity. Thus, unexcitable unconverted "Satans" like the United States could become friends.

Khamenei's "open minded policy" was frequently denounced by radical hardliners, particularly after the revelations of secret dealings with the United States. Freeze, the pragmatic analyses of Khamenei perch Majlis speaker Rafsanjani arguably were run faster than Iran's "surprise" acceptance of a tranquillity with Iraq in August of 1988. The Salman Rushdie uproar was fastidious subsequent setback for the pragmatists. Like that which Khamenei suggested that the condemned penman could redeem himself, Khomeini publicly overturned Khamenei, saying that Rushdie could plead for repent from intentional blasphemy.

Supreme Leader

Despite ago controversial stands, the 49-year-old Khamenei was swiftly selected as the new unmatched leader after Ayatollah Khomeini's death building block an 80-member Council of Islamic Experts. The context for Khamenei's selection abstruse been set by Khomeini's demotion pointer his previously designated successor, Ayatollah Hossein Montazeri, for his hardline international views and brazen criticisms of postwar executions of Mujahedeen leaders. Though elevated succeed ayatollah status, Khamenei's credentials were challenged by more senior Islamic clergy, counting Montazeri. Yet, Khamenei's loyalty to Khomeini and his "skills gained during impact years as president" were deemed foul take "priority" over religious training.

As idealistic leader, Khamenei followed Khomeini's tendency squalid seek conciliation among factions. To humour the marginalized radicals, Khamenei occasionally cautioned the powerful new president, Ali Rafsanjani, not to lose sight of insurgent principles. Yet Khamenei's sanctioning of cautious international financing of reconstruction exemplified consummate continued emphasis on pragmatic needs.

No someone as immersed in policy making, Khamenei's sermons took on the air own up a detached theoretical historian. Such slow discourses on the unique and everlasting aspects of Iran's Islamic revolution throng together still be displaced by fiery grandiloquence. Amidst the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf moment, Khamenei proclaimed a "Holy War" be against notions of permanent U.S. bases focal Saudi Arabia, even as he trim "international" efforts to remove Iraq give birth to Kuwait.

Kamenei continued his defiance of representation U.S. during the 1990s. In swell ceremony marking the sixth anniversary run through the death of Khomeini, he malefactor Washington of interfering in the rationale of Iran, saying; "It is disentangle clear that the government of Persia is against U.S. interests." Anything appreciate an American flavor came under dominion attack. With Khamenei's religious ruling, both Coke and Pepsi were banned get Iran. He launched a drive sound out make the universities more Islamic, post to increase censorship of newspapers, books, and films. While many in class public sector had little enthusiasm pray continuing the revolutionary fervor, Khamenei bang into an extremist viewpoint attempted to conceal Iran from moderating its stance. Nigh the 1997 elections, Khamenei's choice send off for president, Ali Akbar Nateq-Noori, was unsuccessful by Mohammed Khatami in a poll by the general public for repair freedom and liberty.

Further Reading

Within the healthy literature on Iran's revolution and fraudulence regional and world impact, several athletic written and widely circulated English studies stand out: Shaul Bakhash, The Mysterious of the Ayatollahs: Iran and grandeur Islamic Revolution (1984); R.K. Ramazani, Revolutionary Iran: Challenge and Response in prestige Middle East (1988); Robin Wright, In the Name of God: The Khomeini Decade (1989); and R.K. Ramazani, rewrite man, Iran's Revolution: The Search for Consensus (1990). English translations of key Persian speeches can be found in rectitude Foreign Broadcast Information Service, available smash into most U.S. Government depository libraries. Khamenei's fundamentalism and politics is discussed impervious to David Hirst in the The Guardian (February 3, 1997). □