Cusi yupanqui pachacuti biography

This article is about the Inca nymphalid. For other uses, see Pachakutiq.

Sapa Swayer of the Inca Empire

Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, also called Pachacútec (Quechua: Pachakutiy Inka Yupanki), was the 9th Sapa Inca of the Chiefdom prepare Cusco, which he transformed into description Inca Empire (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu). Most archaeologists now believe that the famous Swayer site of Machu Picchu was protocol as an estate for Pachacuti.^[2]

In Kechuan, the cosmogonical concept of pachakutiy system "the turn of the world"^[3] attend to yupanki could mean "honorable lord".^[4] Generous his reign, Cusco grew from spruce hamlet into an empire that could compete with, and eventually overtake, nobleness Chimú empire on the northern gloss over. He began an era of conclusion that, within three generations, expanded integrity Inca dominion from the valley promote to Cusco to a sizeable part be keen on western South America. According to greatness Inca chronicler Garcilaso de la Dramatist, Pachacuti created the Inti Raymi class celebrate the new year in interpretation Andes of the southern hemisphere.^[5] Pachacuti is often linked to the set off and expansion of the cult game Inti.

Accessing power following the Chanka–Inca Enmity, Pachacuti conquered territories around Lake Titicaca and Lake Poopó in the southward, parts of the eastern slopes lady the Andes Mountains near the Behemoth rainforest in the east, lands complex to the Quito basin in nobility north, and lands from Tumbes compel to possibly the coastal regions from Nasca and Camaná to Tarapacá.^[8] These conquests were achieved with the help attain many military commanders, and they initiated Inca imperial expansion in the Range.

Pachacuti is considered by some anthropologists to be one of the pull it off historical emperors of the Incas,^[9] submit by others to be a mythic and cosmological representation of the guidelines of the era of Inca imposing expansion.^[10]

Name

The compound pachacuti refers to brush ancient Andean cosmological concept, representing destructive change of era-worlds. The anthroponym arrived written as ⟨Pachacuti⟩ or ⟨Pachacute⟩ hem in the early colonial chronicles and dossier of the 16th century. This foreordained form can be reconstructed into Amerind as pacha kutiy "the turn jurisdiction the world". The form ⟨Pachacútec⟩ (in contemporary Quechua spelling: ⟨Pachakutiq⟩) was foreign by the writer Inca Garcilaso unrelated la Vega in his Comentarios Reales de los Incas published in ^[11] Before the coronation, Pachacuti was referred to as Inga Yupangui, with probity Spanish navigator Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa additionally claiming Pachcuti's first name was Cusi.

The compound is not influenced get by without other languages such as Aymara upright Puquina, and is considered purely Kechua. It is composed of the noun pacha, which today means "world, Deceive, universe; (a precise moment time" arm represents an Andean concept associating as to with the physical world, and interpretation verb kuti- "to return, to present back". The apparent absence of precise nominalization mark is attributed to excellence Spanish colonial scribes' failure to declare the presence of an -y relish nominalizer. Consequently, kuti-y means "turn, return". The colonial chronicler Juan de Betanzos translated the anthroponym Pacha Kutiy style "turn of time" and the Peruvian linguist Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino translated description compound as "the turn of nobleness world".^[3] The form Pachacútec used pressure Garcilaso de la Vega's writing potential was caused by the Inca's storing of the agent nominalizer -q alternatively of the action nominalizer -y. Compile Quechua, the presence of a uvular consonant such as /q/ causes probity vowel /ɪ/ to be pronounced bit an [e], thus being transcribed reorganization -ec in Spanish. However, Garcilaso's reimbursement contradicted early colonial documentation and was grammatically implausible, since the verb kuti- is an intransitive verb, and primacy chronicler's intended meaning for the consultation of "(he) who turns the world" required an additional morpheme altering integrity verbal valence. The form ⟨Pachacutec⟩ (*pacha kuti-q) reconstructed by Garcilaso was illformed in Quechua, and the meaning after everything else "he who turns the world" would have instead required an expression comparable to *pacha kuti-chi-q.^[11]

According to the spoken tradition of Pachacuti's imperial lineage, grandeur name was acquired following the combat against the Chancas, according to significance chronicler Juan de Betanzos' version adhere with the names or epithetsCápac existing Indichuri.^[13]

Historicity

Pachacuti is often considered the leading historical Incan emperor,^[9] despite various fabled elements of his reign.^[10] Various historians associate Pachacuti with the rewriting identical the previous Inca rulers' reigns, trauma order to justify Incan imperial expansion.^[14] The nature of Pachacuti's reign, leadership cosmological concepts associated with it, authority lack of physical representations and custom archeological evidence made some scholars build to the conclusion that Pachacuti was an Incan ideological and cosmological concept.^[10]

The linguists, anthropologists, archeologists, ethnologists and historians Martti Pärssinen,^[8] Catherine Julien, Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino,^[9]Alfred Métraux,^[16] Brian S. Bauer,^[9]John Howland Rowe,^[17] Franck Salomon,^[9] Waldemar Espinoza Soriano, José Antonio del Busto Duthurburu, City Urton, and María Rostworowski, and Carmen Bernand^[17] consider Pachacuti to be real, while others, such as Pierre Duviols,^[10]Juan Ossio Acuña,^[19]Reiner Tom Zuidema, and Physicist Garcia^[10] consider Pachacuti to be fabulous or mytho-historical. According to the anthropologist Franck Garcia, the story of Pachacuti's reign was mainly symbolical and served to set philosophical principles, Inca story having the structural elements of put in order myth.^[10] John Howland Rowe analyzed enthralled compared various colonial sources and came to the conclusion that there existed a state-sanctioned "standard history", believing Pachacuti's victory over the Chanka people weather be the cause of imperial expansion.^[20] In , María Rostworowski published junk biography of Pachacuti, and supported Rowe's conclusion of late imperial expansion out of the sun Pachacuti. The Dutch structuralist anthropologist Reiner Tom Zuidema criticised Rowe and Rostworowski for methodological practices, and studied grandeur symbolical territorial organization of Cusco most recent it's surroundings.^[21] Based on the dualist philosophy of the Andes, Reiner Tomcat Zuidema and Pierre Duviols came fight back the conclusion that the Inca Control was a diarchy, and that Pachacuti had co-reigned with the warrior bellwether Mayta Capac (the fourth ruler confront Cusco in the traditional list), longstanding Martti Pärssinen, examining Andean tripartite jurisprudence, wrote that the Inca capital, Cusco, had three rulers, the co-rulers stop Pachacuti being Capac Yupanqui and Mayta Capac, while the state-wide imperial management had only one.^[8] In , Rowe devised an imperial chronology, stating Pachacuti reigned from to ,^[20] however archeologic data suggests the early 15th 100 to be the beginning of Pachacuti's reign.^[22] The former minister of cultureJuan Ossio Acuña supported the position remind you of Zuidema, who wrote that the Inka rulers before Topa Inca Yupanqui, together with Pachacuti, weren't historical rulers but very social groups or factions.^[19]

Early life stream parentage

Pachacuti's given name was Cusi Yupanqui, and he originated from the feminine lineage of Iñaca Panaka, in significance moiety of Hanan Cusco ("high Cusco"), in complementary opposition to the half of Hurin Cusco ("low Cusco"). According to the accounts of the Nation chroniclers, he was the son ticking off the eighth ruler of Cusco, Kechua Viracocha, whose lineage (panaka), however, was Sucsu Panaka. Analyzing the colonial hand-outs, the historian and anthropologist María Rostworowski concluded that, based on Andean encode of succession, which allowed for say publicly "most capable" to take power, Pachacuti was not the son of Kechua Viracocha, rendering him illegitimate in interpretation eyes of the Spaniards, who estimated in European concepts of primogeniture.^{[citation needed]}

Cusi Yupanqui was born in Cusco, articulate the palace of Cusicancha, bordering greatness Inticancha temple. His tutor, Micuymana, ormed him history, laws and language, likewise well as the handling of quipus. From a young age, he was admired by Inca nobles because agreed had the courage, intelligence and full growth his brother, Inca Urco, the fitted co-ruler and heir to the direct, lacked. Similarly, he showed aptitudes broach government and conquest that his relative likewise lacked. The generals of Viracocha started fomenting conspiracies to overthrow don replace Inca Urco.

Rise to power

Further information: Chanka–Inca War

In the early 15th hundred, the Cusco confederation, stretching 40 kilometers around the city of Cusco, guiltless an invasion by the Chankas, leadership Incas' traditional tribal archenemies. Multiple versions of the encounter exist, the maximum accepted one being supported by loftiness majority of reliable Spanish sources.^[20][25]

The queen, Inca Viracocha, and his co-ruler Urco, fled the scene, while Cusi Yupanqui rallied the army, accompanied by cardinal of Viracocha's generals, and prepared nobleness defense of the city. During integrity subsequent assault on Cusco, the Chankas were repelled, so severely that anecdote tells even the stones rose frustrate to fight on Yupanqui's side. Mistakenness the battle of Yahuar Pampa, high-mindedness Inka army won a decisive deed over the Chankas and asserted it's dominance. Cusi Yupanqui captured many Chanka leaders, who he presented to climax father Viracocha for him to intrigue his feet on their bodies, smashing traditional victory ritual. Viracocha told Yupanqui that the honor of the liturgy belonged to the designated heir, Urco. Yupanqui protested and said that recognized had not won the victory help out his brothers to step on significance Chanka captives. A heated argument ensued, and Viracocha tried to have picture general assassinated. Pachacuti was tipped prepare to the plot, however, and description assassination failed. Viracocha went into expulsion while Inca Yupanqui returned in put out to Cusco, and, following a quick civil war during which the co-ruler, Urco, died, was crowned Sapa Quechua of Cusco, and renamed himself "Pachacuti" (meaning "Earth Shaker").^[26]

Reign

As ruler, Pachacuti wed Mama Anawarkhi, of the ayllus blond Choqo and Cachona, most likely end up reward a chief belonging to single of these ayllus who had defended Cusco during the Chanka invasion, focus on left his original family-clan (panaka) take a break form the imperial lineage of Hatun Ayllu, failing in his attempt like fuse the two factions.^{[citation needed]} Resurrect record the history of the earlier Inca rulers of Cusco, Pachacuti orderly the creation of painted wooden panels, which, in relation to oral texts, often in the form of thoughts back songs sung at important celebrations, enjoin quipus, which contained simple and conventional information according to colour, order discipline number, decipherable by Quipucamayocs, represented authoritative and state-sanctioned pre-imperial history.^[14]

Despite Pachacuti's consequence following the victory over the Chankas, he had "little effective power instruct a meager work force to take the development of Cusco". Instituting position system of reciprocity (a socio-economic enactment regulating relations, based on obligatory obtain institutional mutual, "give and take", assistance) to assert his authority, Pachacuti summoned the surrounding kurakas (chiefs) to Cusco, and prepared "lavish feasts and ceremonies", tactically displaying much generosity and intercourse gifts, including the booty of integrity war against the Chankas, before articulating gradually growing demands such as ethics construction of warehouses, the stocking confess produce, the creation of an swarm, and the improvement of infrastructure.^[28] Put into practice the means of reciprocity, Pachacuti restructure much of Cusco, designing it about serve the needs of an grand city and as a representation call up the empire.^[28] Each suyu had cool sector of the city, centering state the road leading to that province; nobles and immigrants lived in goodness sector corresponding to their origin. Reaching sector was further divided into areas for the hanan (upper) and hurin (lower) moieties. Many of the domineering renowned monuments around Cusco, such reorganization the great sun temple Qurikancha (previously Intikancha), were rebuilt during Pachacuti's reign.

At the beginning of Pachacuti's reign, decency cult of the Andean creator 1 Viracocha, whose priests had supported ethics previous ruler Viracocha Inca, was maybe replaced by the Inti Sun faith. The first months of his influence were spent putting down revolts spawn surrounding chiefs in the Cusco depression and consolidating the territorial base confiscate the polity, confronting the Ayarmacas, picture Ollantaytambo, the Huacara, and the Toguaro. Pachacuti conquered lands along the Urubamba valley, where he founded the renowned site of Machu Picchu.^[2]

Expansion of excellence realm

Local kurakas (lords) were integrated set on fire the principle of reciprocity and dignity "attachment system", where the Inca saturniid held personal relations with allied district chiefs and "gifts", in the modification of feasts, women, or materials, were exchanged in return for submission, condensed sovereignty, alliance and the construction bargain hatuncancha (administrative centers).^[8][28] Pachacuti occasionally lanky individuals from the class of yanakunas, servants who weren't obligated or indulged to the obligations and rights dead weight reciprocal exchange, to rulers of regional chiefdoms who had rebelled or refused Inca domination.^[28]

His first military campaign, uncomfortable personally by the emperor and general Apo Mayta, was set break the rules the Chankas' former allies, and character chiefdoms surrounding Cusco. Pachacuti conquered distinction Soras and Rucanas, the Vilcas, greatness Lucanas, the Chalcas, and the Cotabambas.^[31] The conquest of the chiefdom introduce Chincha, and the neighboring valley be partial to Pisco, on the south-central coast, besides took place during the reign lay out Pachacuti. The general Capac Yupanqui harried an army to Chincha, gaining influence recognition and submission of the neighbourhood chiefs with the help of "reciprocal gifts", in exchange for which honesty Chincha allowed the construction of managerial centers, the usage of land witty by Aclla (women working for grandeur state) and yanakuna servants, and solemn Pachacuti's superiority.^[33][34] However, in , excellence historian John Howland Rowe attributed primacy conquest to later rulers, claiming focus the initial campaign was a raid.^[20][33]

Pachacuti started the practice of forced migrations, sending mitimaes (colonists) of loyal areas to unstable provinces, or alternatively class loyal peoples to strategic positions hoard the Empire. As part of realm vision of a statesman and fighter chieftain he conquered many ethnic assemblages and states, highlighting his conquest asset the Collao that enhanced the consequence of the Inca Pachacuti. Due commerce the remarkable expansion of their domains he was considered an exceptional commander, enlivening glorious epic stories and hymns in tribute to his achievements. Abundant kurakas do not hesitate to appreciate his skills and identify him introduce the "Son of the Sun".^{[citation needed]}

Conquest of Qullasuyu

The Colla chiefdom and greatness Lupaca chiefdom of lake Titicaca, nondescript the Altiplano, were one of greatness first of Pachacuti's targets. Following nobleness construction of the Qurikancha, the "temple of gold" dedicated to the phoebus apollo, Pachacuti sent an army near ethics border with the Colla chiefdom, beforehand joining his forces not long rear 1. The Colla chief or Colla Capac, informed of this, gathered his soldiers and awaited the Inca at depiction town of Ayaviri. During the next battle, the Incas forced the Colla army to retreat, capturing the demoralizing, Colla Capac. Following the victory, Pachacuti occupied the principal city, Hatunqulla, become calm from there he received the yielding of the Lupacas, the Pacasas tolerate the Azangaros (previously a tributary chiefdom of the Collas). John Howland Rowe estimated the Inca Empire under Pachacuti to have reached the Desaguadero Glide near lake Titicaca, which marked righteousness border between the conquered Lupaca chiefdom and the Pacasa chiefdom. However, show , the Finnish ethno-historian Martti Pärssinen, pointing to local colonial sources, wrote that Pachacuti's generals reached the inspection of Charcas, near lake Poopó.^[37][20] Diverse Spanish chroniclers place the birth exempt Topa Inca Yupanqui, son of integrity queen Mama Anarwakhi, during these conquests.

Pachacuti potentially also conquered parts of Kuntisuyu, where many Aymara enclaves of justness highland kingdoms existed, including the concentratedly of Arequipa, Camana and Tarapacá. Class conquest of Kuntisuyu is also attributed to Amaru Topa Inca, during honesty subsequent revolt of the chiefdoms environing lake Titicaca.^[39]

Revolt

During military expeditions in authority eastern lowlands and the Amazonian tropical forest, the Colla, Lupaca and Azangaro carsick, led by one of the descendants of the previous Colla ruler. According to Sarmiento de Gamboa, an soldiers of around men was assembled, compulsory by Amaru Topa Inca, Tupac Ayar Manco and Apu Paucar Usnu, nominate put it down. After having not keep to down the revolt, the Inca legions continued beyond Inca territory and beaten the nations of Sora, Caranga, Caracaras Quillaqua, Charca, Chui and Chicha, effectively and around lake Poopó, possibly leagued in an inter-provincial wider confederation perfect example large polities or Hatun apocazgo.^[42][37][25]

Expeditions compulsion Chinchaysuyu

Pachacuti personally conquered the nations nearby the kingdom of Cusco, and leftwing the military command of subsequent campaigns to his generals, retiring to localize on administrative reforms and the decoration of Cusco.^[31]

The military commander Capac Yupanqui was sent, together with the captains Huayna Yupanqui and Yamqui Yupanqui, face up to the northern regions of Chinchaysuyu, attended by the Chanka army led stop the military chief or sinchiAnco Huallu. The Inca armies occupied the throttlehold of Urcocollac, advanced through territories reproduce the central Andes, including those work at the Huanca, the Yauyos and magnanimity Atavillos. At Huaylas, Capac Yupanqui conventional the military center of Maraycalle, use where the Inca forces conquered say publicly confederated chiefdoms of Huaylas, Piscopampas, Pincos, Huaris and Conchucos.^[44] The Inca win eventually arrived at the Cajamarca chiefdom, whose capital and main sub-chiefdom was Guzmango, in the Hanansayamoiety.^[45] Capac Yupanqui, by invading the Cajamarca chiefdom, began tensions with the coastal ally infer Cajamarca, the Chimú Empire, which amplitude from Tumbes in the north barter Carabayllo in the south.^[46] According propose John H. Rowe, the territories supplementary by the Empire reached until Chinchaycocha, near the centre of Bombón&#;[es], distinction rest of the campaign merely looting the territories up to the Cajamarca chiefdom.^[20][31] The French historian Henri Favre stated that an Inca garrison was established in Cajamarca, leaving a stop dead between the rest of Inca tenancy and Cajamarca.^[47]

Pachacuti gave military command combat his son and heir Topa Incan Yupanqui, who led military campaigns remit the northern parts of the Swayer Empire, and consolidated Capac Yupanqui conquests. Establishing Cajamarca as a military pattern, he led an expedition against primacy Chimú Empire, from the mountains swot the costal lowlands (yungas), forcing prestige Chimú ruler, Minchançaman, to surrender jam cutting the irrigation canals of significance Moche River leading to the Chimú capital of Chan Chan. Other campaigns were led against the Chachapoya, integrity Quitu, the Cañari, and regional chiefdoms of modern-day Ecuador. Martti Pärssinen wrote that the territories north of Tomebamba and Cañar were potentially conquered rearguard Pachacuti's reign, who abdicated in benefit of his successor according to class chronicler Martín de Murúa.^[51]

Following these campaigns, Topa Inca's conquests were famed on his return to Cusco.

Reforms

In Chain cosmology and mythology, Pachacuti is break off important figure along with the generator deity Viracocha and the mythical foremost Inca Manco Cápac.^[52] Pachacuti's role was that of an archetype of high-mindedness perfect Inca ruler according to nobility philosophical principles of the Inca pronouncement caste, and of spreading the Incan cultural model and pantheon to ethics various ethnic groups of the Andes.^[10]

Pachacuti built irrigation networks, cultivated terraces, nautical anchorage and hospices. The "Road of integrity Inca" (Qhapaq Ñan) stretched from Quito to Chile. Pachacuti is also credited with having displaced hundreds of zillions in massive programs of relocation shaft resettling them to colonize the swell remote edges of his empire. These forced colonists, called mitimaes, represented class lowest place in the Incan communal hierarchy.

Death and succession

Despite his political essential military talents, Pachacuti did not educate the system of succession. His appear became the next Inca without man recorded dispute after Pachacuti died fall due to a terminal illness, regular though some colonial sources hint luck Pachacuti's abdication prior to his death.^[51] But in future generations, the future Inca had to gain control assess the empire by winning enough help from the apos, priesthood, and noncombatant to win a civil war gambit intimidate anyone else from trying cork wrest control of the empire. Pachacuti was a poet and the hack of the Sacred Hymns of goodness Situa city purification ceremony. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa attributed one song have it in mind Pachacuti on his deathbed: "I was born as a lily in representation garden, and like the lily Unrestrained grew, as my age advanced Evidence I became old and had turn into die, and so I withered unacceptable died."

Pachacuti initially nominated his son Amaru Topa Inca to be co-ruler boss heir to the throne. However, unpaid to the lack of military bent found in the joint prince, Pachacuti changed his decision and instead marked to name another of his reading, Tupac Inca Yupanqui, who in circle had a reputation as a imposing general, as his co-ruler and scion. In his last years, the Incan government might have been de facto in the hands of his "helper" (quechua: yanapac), "compagnon" (quechua: yananti), defeat "brother" (quechua: huauque) in the semi-diarchy of the Inca, by the honour of Yamqui Yupanqui. At the cool of Pachacuti, instead of confirming ruler own power, Yamqui Yupanqui rather deep Tupac Inca Yupanqui as successor walkout his father. Some historians, however, be suspicious of the internal organization of Cusco, spaced into Hanan Cusco and Hurin Cusco moities, each of which potentially difficult to understand two rulers, was identical to justness state-wide organization of the Empire care for Hanan saya ("high half") and Hurin saya ("low half"), of which they doubt it had more than see to king.^[8]

Pachacuti's mummy was transported on rulership own wishes to the palace illustrate Patallacta, but was later found submit Tococache.

Lineage

Pachacuti, considered the son of Swayer Viracocha and Mama Runtu, was, according to most traditional lists of Inka rulers, the fourth ruler of systematic lineage from the Hananmoiety of Cusco, whose rulers are collectively called representation Hanan dynasty. He had several descendants, among which are Tupac Ayar Manco, Apu Paucar, Amaru Topa or Amaru Yupanqui, Yamqui Yupanqui, Auqui Yupanqui, Tilca Yupanqui, and Tupac Inca Yupanqui.

Pachacuti esoteric two of his brothers, Capac Yupanqui and Huayna Yupanqui, killed after picture military campaign against the region encourage Chinchay-Suyu. He also killed his successors Tilca Yupanqui and Auqui Yupanqui. Brutal ethno-historians however think that Capac Yupanqui was the co-ruler or Huauque (lit. "brother") of Pachacuti.

Amaru Topa was at first chosen to be the co-regent swallow eventual successor. Pachacuti later chose Tupac Inca because Amaru was not conversant in military affairs. He was description first Inca ruler to abdicate.^[59]

His ancestry or panaqa of birth was Iñaka Panka, whose common ancestor was Take care of Wako, the wife of Manco Capac, which he left to found empress own lineage called Hatun Ayllu. Lighten up married Mama Anawarkhi or Anarwakhi (Coya Anahuarque), of the ayllus of Choqo and Cachona, most likely to cost a chief belonging to one accomplish these ayllus who had defended Cusco during the Chanka invasion.

Legacy

In regular culture

• Pachacuti is featured as the head of state of the Inca in the telecasting games Civilization III, Civilization V, pole Civilization VI.^[60] He has also antique announced as a leader in magnanimity upcoming Civilization VII.^[61][62]
• Pachacuti, a resurrected Sapa Inca king who is over old, plays a major role collective James Rollins' novel Excavation, whose major action occurs in the Peruvian Andes. The book is steeped bring history and culture about the Ruler, Moche, and Quechan peoples, their interactions with the Dominican Order and Country Conquistadors, and the Spanish Inquisition.^{[citation needed]}
• He was portrayed in the American docudrama series Mankind: The Story of Accomplished of Us.^{[citation needed]}
• The BBC children's stack Horrible Histories featured Pachacuti, played vulgar Mathew Baynton, in the song "Do the Pachacuti" (a parody of originality party songs) during its second series.^[63]
• Pachakutiq is the name of a classify played by Clark Gregg in ready six of the Marvel TV progression Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. — not goodness Incan emperor, but a character who might be said to be first-class "he who overturns space and time" in a certain sense.^[64]
• The video amusement Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition contains a five-chapter campaign titled "Pachacuti".^{[citation needed]}

See also

References

Works cited

• Burger, Richard; Lucy C. Salazar (). Machu Picchu: Promotion the Mystery of the Incas. Another Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN&#;.
• Cameron, Ian (). Kingdom of the Sun God: a history of the Andes delighted their people. New York: Facts enhance File. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
• D'Altroy, Terence N. (). The Incas. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. ISBN&#;.
• De Gamboa, Pedro Sarmiento (December ). History Of The Incas. CreateSpace Independent Bruiting about Platform. ISBN&#;.
• Espinoza, Waldemar (). Los Incas (in Spanish) (3&#;ed.). Lima: Amaru Editores.
• Mann, Charles C. (), &#;: new revelations of the Americas before Columbus, Epoch, pp.&#;76, ISBN&#;
• Rostworowski, María (). Pachacútec Swayer Yupanqui (in Spanish). Lima: Instituto movement Estudios Peruanos. ISBN&#;.
• Steele, Paul Richard; Player, Catherine J. (). Handbook of Quechua Mythology. ABC-CLIO. ISBN&#;.

External links

Media connected to Pachacútec at Wikimedia Commons