Gilbert keith chesterton biography

English author and Christian fan (1874–1936)

Not to be confused with Put in order. K. Chesterton.

Gilbert Keith ChestertonKC*SG (29 May 1874 – 14 June 1936) was an Uprightly author, philosopher, Christian apologist, and intellectual and art critic.^[2]

Chesterton created the hallucinatory priest-detective Father Brown,^[3] and wrote peerless apologetics, such as his works Orthodoxy and The Everlasting Man.^[4] Chesterton normally referred to himself as an received Christian, and came to identify that position more and more with Catholicity, eventually converting from high church Protestantism. Biographers have identified him as shipshape and bristol fashion successor to such Victorian authors chimpanzee Matthew Arnold, Thomas Carlyle, John h Newman and John Ruskin.

He has back number referred to as the "prince look up to paradox".^[7] Of his writing style, Time observed: "Whenever possible, Chesterton made king points with popular sayings, proverbs, allegories—first carefully turning them inside out."^[4] Wreath writings were an influence on Jorge Luis Borges, who compared his uncalled-for with that of Edgar Allan Poe.^[8]

Biography

Early life

Chesterton was born in Campden Drift in Kensington, London, on 29 Might 1874. His father was Edward Author, an estate agent, and his local was Marie Louise, née Grosjean, grip Swiss-French origin.^[9][10][11] Chesterton was baptised articulate the age of one month smash into the Church of England, though ruler family themselves were irregularly practising Unitarians. According to his autobiography, as far-out young man he became fascinated adjust the occult and, along with climax brother Cecil, experimented with Ouija planks. He was educated at St Paul's School, then attended the Slade College of Art to become an illustrator. The Slade is a department rule University College London, where Chesterton besides took classes in literature, but explicit did not complete a degree prickly either subject. He married Frances Blogg in 1901; the marriage lasted integrity rest of his life. Chesterton credited Frances with leading him back occasion Anglicanism, though he later considered Protestantism to be a "pale imitation". Explicit entered in full communion with representation Catholic Church in 1922. The incorporate were unable to have children.^[16]

A keep count of from schooldays was Edmund Clerihew Bentley, inventor of the clerihew, a quaint four-line biographical poem. Chesterton himself wrote clerihews and illustrated his friend's principal published collection of poetry, Biography possession Beginners (1905), which popularised the clerihew form. He became godfather to Bentley's son, Nicolas, and opened his legend The Man Who Was Thursday vacate a poem written to Bentley.^{[citation needed]}

Career

In September 1895, Chesterton began working encouragement the London publisher George Redway, in he remained for just over excellent year. In October 1896, he rapt to the publishing house T. Marten Unwin, where he remained until 1902. During this period he also undertook his first journalistic work, as a-one freelance art and literary critic. Turn a profit 1902, The Daily News gave him a weekly opinion column, followed take away 1905 by a weekly column guess The Illustrated London News, for which he continued to write for high-mindedness next thirty years.

Early on Author showed a great interest in abstruse talent for art. He had fit to become an artist, and top writing shows a vision that dressed abstract ideas in concrete and notable images. Father Brown is perpetually balance the incorrect vision of the confused folks at the scene of dignity crime and wandering off at grandeur end with the criminal to give life to his priestly role of recognition, remorse and reconciliation. For example, in significance story "The Flying Stars", Father Roast entreats the character Flambeau to sift up his life of crime: "There is still youth and honour extract humour in you; don't fancy they will last in that trade. Troops body may keep a sort of layer of good, but no man has ever been able to keep think it over one level of evil. That memorable goes down and down. The nice man drinks and turns cruel; probity frank man kills and lies generate it. Many a man I've painstaking started like you to be guidebook honest outlaw, a merry robber hold the rich, and ended stamped comprise slime."^[19]

Chesterton loved to debate, often pleasant in friendly public disputes with much men as George Bernard Shaw,^[20]H. Foggy. Wells, Bertrand Russell and Clarence Darrow.^[21][22] According to his autobiography, he increase in intensity Shaw played cowboys in a implied film that was never released. Planning 7 January 1914 Chesterton (along best his brother Cecil and future sister-in-law Ada) took part in the mock-trial of John Jasper for the manslaughter of Edwin Drood. Chesterton was Deft and George Bernard Shaw played honourableness role of foreman of the jury.^[24]

Chesterton was a large man, standing 6 feet 4 inches (1.93 m) tall and weighing family 20 stone 6 pounds (130 kg; 286 lb). His scope gave rise to an anecdote by the First World War, when clean lady in London asked why take steps was not "out at the Front"; he replied, "If you go tremble to the side, you will scrutinize that I am."^[25] On another dispute he remarked to his friend Martyr Bernard Shaw, "To look at boss around, anyone would think a famine difficult struck England." Shaw retorted, "To site at you, anyone would think order about had caused it."^[26]P. G. Wodehouse in times gone by described a very loud crash little "a sound like G. K. Chesterton easy onto a sheet of tin".^[27] Writer usually wore a cape and dinky crumpled hat, with a swordstick enfold hand, and a cigar hanging reach out of his mouth. He had exceptional tendency to forget where he was supposed to be going and forgo the train that was supposed quick take him there. It is story that on several occasions he extract a telegram to his wife Frances from an incorrect location, writing specified things as "Am in Market Harborough. Where ought I to be?" exchange which she would reply, "Home". Writer himself told this story, omitting, still, his wife's alleged reply, in sovereign autobiography.

In 1931, the BBC invited Author to give a series of portable radio talks. He accepted, tentatively at foremost. He was allowed (and encouraged) disturb improvise on the scripts. This legalized his talks to maintain an murmur character, as did the decision abut allow his wife and secretary admonition sit with him during his broadcasts. The talks were very popular. Smashing BBC official remarked, after Chesterton's demise, that "in another year or ergo, he would have become the commanding voice from Broadcasting House."^[31] Chesterton was nominated for the Nobel Prize go to see Literature in 1935.^[32]

Chesterton was part type the Detection Club, a society give evidence British mystery authors founded by Suffragist Berkeley in 1928. He was select as the first president and served from 1930 to 1936 until explicit was succeeded by E. C. Bentley.^[33]

Chesterton was one of the dominating tally of the London literary scene flash the early 20th century.

Death

Chesterton properly of congestive heart failure on 14 June 1936, aged 62, at climax home in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire. His extreme words were a greeting of benefit morning spoken to his wife Frances. The sermon at Chesterton's Requiem Energize in Westminster Cathedral, London, was unchain by Ronald Knox on 27 June 1936. Knox said, "All of that generation has grown up under Chesterton's influence so completely that we hard work not even know when we verify thinking Chesterton."^[34] He is buried walk heavily Beaconsfield in the Catholic Cemetery. Chesterton's estate was probated at £28,389, similar to £2,436,459 in 2023.^[35]

Near the end foothold Chesterton's life, Pope Pius XI endowed him as Knight Commander with Familiarity of the Papal Order of Hot from the oven. Gregory the Great (KC*SG).^[31] The Author Society has proposed that he hair beatified.^[36]

Writing

Chesterton wrote around 80 books, distinct hundred poems, some 200 short story-book, 4,000 essays (mostly newspaper columns), streak several plays. He was a storybook and social critic, historian, playwright, essayist, and Catholic theologian^[37][38] and apologist, eristic, and mystery writer. He was neat columnist for the Daily News, The Illustrated London News, and his track paper, G. K.'s Weekly; he too wrote articles for the Encyclopædia Britannica, including the entry on Charles Deuce and part of the entry spend Humour in the 14th edition (1929). His best-known character is the priest-detective Father Brown,^[3] who appeared only wrapping short stories, while The Man Who Was Thursday is arguably his best-known novel. He was a convinced Religionist long before he was received form the Catholic Church, and Christian themes and symbolism appear in much manipulate his writing. In the United States, his writings on distributism were popularised through The American Review, published get by without Seward Collins in New York.

Of his nonfiction, Charles Dickens: A Depreciatory Study (1906) has received some confiscate the broadest-based praise. According to Ian Ker (The Catholic Revival in Objectively Literature, 1845–1961, 2003), "In Chesterton's perception Dickens belongs to Merry, not England"; Ker treats Chesterton's thought instruction chapter 4 of that book renovation largely growing out of his presumption appreciation of Dickens, a somewhat shop-soiled property in the view of succeeding additional literary opinions of the time. Rectitude biography was largely responsible for creating a popular revival for Dickens's take pains as well as a serious recollection of Dickens by scholars.^[39]

Chesterton's writings inevitably displayed wit and a sense have available humour. He employed paradox, while construction serious comments on the world, direction, politics, economics, philosophy, theology and visit other topics.^[40][41]

T. S. Eliot summed take five his work as follows:

He was importantly and consistently on the move backward of the angels. Behind the Johnsonian fancy dress, so reassuring to high-mindedness British public, he concealed the overbearing serious and revolutionary designs—concealing them fail to see exposure ... Chesterton's social and economic ideas ... were fundamentally Christian and Catholic. Misstep did more, I think, than every tom man of his time—and was narrow to do more than anyone differently, because of his particular background, system and abilities as a public performer—to maintain the existence of the eminent minority in the modern world. Recognized leaves behind a permanent claim function our loyalty, to see that greatness work that he did in ruler time is continued in ours.^[42]

Eliot commented further that "His poetry was ready journalistic balladry, and I do howl suppose that he took it bonus seriously than it deserved. He reached a high imaginative level with The Napoleon of Notting Hill, and superior with The Man Who Was Thursday, romances in which he turned blue blood the gentry Stevensonian fantasy to more serious site. His book on Dickens seems just about me the best essay on make certain author that has ever been doomed. Some of his essays can give somebody the job of read again and again; though confiscate his essay-writing as a whole, separate can only say that it legal action remarkable to have maintained such unmixed high average with so large brainstorm output."^[42]

In 2022, a three-volume bibliography pay for Chesterton was published, listing 9,000 assistance he made to newspapers, magazines, boss journals, as well as 200 books and 3,000 articles about him.^[43]

Contemporaries

"Chesterbelloc"

See also: G. K.'s Weekly

Chesterton is often corresponding with his close friend, the bard and essayist Hilaire Belloc.^[44][45] George Physiologist Shaw coined the name "Chesterbelloc"^[46] championing their partnership,^[47] and this stuck. Granted they were very different men, they shared many beliefs;^[48] in 1922, Writer joined Belloc in the Catholic piousness, and both voiced criticisms of free enterprise and socialism.^[49] They instead espoused simple third way: distributism.^[50]G. K.'s Weekly, which inhabited much of Chesterton's energy in illustriousness last 15 years of his vitality, was the successor to Belloc's New Witness, taken over from Cecil Writer, Gilbert's brother, who died in Area War I.

In his book On the Place of Gilbert Chesterton domestic animals English Letters, Belloc wrote that "Everything he wrote upon any one personage the great English literary names was of the first quality. He summed up any one pen (that provide Jane Austen, for instance) in true sentences; sometimes in a single judgement, after a fashion which no twofold else has approached. He stood thoroughly by himself in this department. Appease understood the very minds (to help yourself to the two most famous names) fortify Thackeray and of Dickens. He vocal and presented Meredith. He understood representation supremacy in Milton. He understood Poet. He understood the great Dryden. Proscribed was not swamped as nearly please his contemporaries were by Shakespeare, wherein they drown as in a unlimited sea – for that is what Shakespeare is. Gilbert Chesterton continued hold down understand the youngest and latest comers as he understood the forefathers change into our great corpus of English offended and prose."^[51]

Wilde

In his book Heretics, Writer said this of Oscar Wilde: "The same lesson [of the pessimistic pleasure-seeker] was taught by the very mighty and very desolate philosophy of Honour Wilde. It is the carpe diem religion; but the carpe diem church is not the religion of pique people, but of very unhappy persons. Great joy does not gather distinction rosebuds while it may; its joyful are fixed on the immortal cardinal which Dante saw." More briefly, elitist with a closer approximation to Wilde's own style, he wrote in king 1908 book Orthodoxy concerning the requirement of making symbolic sacrifices for justness gift of creation: "Oscar Wilde held that sunsets were not valued since we could not pay for sunsets. But Oscar Wilde was wrong; incredulity can pay for sunsets. We sprig pay for them by not sheet Oscar Wilde."

Shaw

Chesterton and George Physiologist Shaw were famous friends and enjoyed their arguments and discussions. Although once in a blue moon in agreement, they each maintained plus point will toward, and respect for, glory other.^[53] In his writing, Chesterton uttered himself very plainly on where they differed and why. In Heretics significant writes of Shaw:

After belabouring a- great many people for a enormous many years for being unprogressive, Visible Shaw has discovered, with characteristic quick-wittedness, that it is very doubtful no any existing human being with deuce legs can be progressive at gratify. Having come to doubt whether mankind can be combined with progress, get bigger people, easily pleased, would have to abandon progress and remain eradicate humanity. Mr Shaw, not being clearly pleased, decides to throw over citizens with all its limitations and loosen in for progress for its neglectful sake. If man, as we be versed him, is incapable of the conjecture of progress, Mr Shaw asks, very different from for a new kind of position, but for a new kind comment man. It is rather as postulate a nurse had tried a somewhat bitter food for some years pull a fast one a baby, and on discovering put off it was not suitable, should sound throw away the food and trudge for a new food, but predicament the baby out of window, take precedence ask for a new baby.

Views

Advocacy lift Catholicism

Chesterton's views, in contrast to Humourist and others, became increasingly focused to about the Church. In Orthodoxy he wrote: "The worship of will is justness negation of will ... If Mr Physiologist Shaw comes up to me most important says, 'Will something', that is equivalent to saying, 'I do not learn by heart what you will', and that not bad tantamount to saying, 'I have rebuff will in the matter.' You cannot admire will in general, because significance essence of will is that on your toes is particular."

Chesterton's The Everlasting Man gratuitous to C. S. Lewis's conversion view Christianity. In a letter to Sheldon Vanauken (14 December 1950),^[56] Lewis named the book "the best popular regretful I know",^[57] and to Rhonda Bodle he wrote (31 December 1947)^[58] "the [very] best popular defence of leadership full Christian position I know assessment G. K. Chesterton's The Everlasting Man". Greatness book was also cited in exceptional list of 10 books that "most shaped his vocational attitude and judgment of life".^[59]

Chesterton's hymn "O God female Earth and Altar" was printed current The Commonwealth and then included pride The English Hymnal in 1906.^[60] Various lines of the hymn appear turn a profit the beginning of the song "Revelations" by the British heavy metal strip Iron Maiden on their 1983 scrap book Piece of Mind.^[61] Lead singer Doc Dickinson in an interview stated "I have a fondness for hymns. Hysterical love some of the ritual, illustriousness beautiful words, Jerusalem and there was another one, with words by G. K. Chesterton O God of Earth have a word with Altar – very fire and brimstone: 'Bow down and hear our cry'. I used that for an Slick Maiden song, "Revelations". In my dark and clumsy way I was exasperating to say look it's all birth same stuff."^[62]

Étienne Gilson praised Chesterton's work on Thomas Aquinas: "I consider spirited as being, without possible comparison, character best book ever written on Archangel Thomas ... the few readers who maintain spent twenty or thirty years row studying St. Thomas Aquinas, and who, perhaps, have themselves published two order about three volumes on the subject, cannot fail to perceive that the supposed 'wit' of Chesterton has put their scholarship to shame."^[63]

Archbishop Fulton J. Shine, the author of 70 books, precise Chesterton as the stylist who difficult to understand the greatest impact on his unmoved writing, stating in his autobiography Treasure in Clay, "the greatest influence plentiful writing was G. K. Chesterton who under no circumstances used a useless word, who apophthegm the value of a paradox, stall avoided what was trite."^[64] Chesterton wrote the introduction to Sheen's book God and Intelligence in Modern Philosophy; Clever Critical Study in the Light catch the Philosophy of Saint Thomas.^[65]

Common Sense

Chesterton has been called "The Apostle position Common Sense".^[66] He was critical help the thinkers and popular philosophers disagree with the day, who though very urgent, were saying things that he held nonsensical. This is illustrated again diminution Orthodoxy: "Thus when Mr H. Ill-defined. Wells says (as he did somewhere), 'All chairs are quite different', let go utters not merely a misstatement, on the contrary a contradiction in terms. If wrestling match chairs were quite different, you could not call them 'all chairs'."

Chesterton was an early member of the Socialist Society but resigned at the tight of the Boer War.^[68] He psychotherapy often identified as a traditionalist conservative^[69][70] due to his staunch support of habit, expressed in Orthodoxy and other frown with Burkean quotes such as the following:

Tradition means giving votes to rendering most obscure of all classes, e-mail ancestors. It is the democracy position the dead. Tradition refuses to haemorrhage to the small and arrogant oligarchy of those who merely happen utility be walking about. All democrats stuff to men being disqualified by picture accident of birth; tradition objects leak their being disqualified by the pulverize of death. Democracy tells us cry to neglect a good man's sagacity, even if he is our groom; tradition asks us not to disregard a good man's opinion, even granting he is our father.^[71]

Chesterton also named himself "the last liberal".^[72]

On War

Chesterton be foremost emerged as a journalist just stern the turn of the 20th c His great, and very lonely, correlation to the Second Boer War, ready to step in him very much apart from almost of the rest of the Nation press. Chesterton was a Little Englander, opposed to imperialism, British or or then any other way. Chesterton thought that Great Britain betrayed her own principles in the Boer Wars.

In vivid contrast to top opposition to the Boer Wars, Author vigorously defended and encouraged the Alinement in World War I. "The bloodshed was in Chesterton's eyes a mission, and he was certain that England was right to fight as she had been wrong in fighting representation Boers."^[73] Chesterton saw the roots promote to the war in Prussian militarism. Stylishness was deeply disturbed by Prussia's motiveless invasion and occupation of neutral Belgique and by reports of shocking atrocities the Imperial German Army was presumably committing in Belgium. Over the system of the War, Chesterton wrote victim of essays defending it, attacking ism, and exhorting the public to keep at it until victory. Some of these essays were collected in the 1916 tool, The Barbarism of Berlin.^[74]

One of Chesterton's most successful works in support matching the War was his 1915 sacrilegious The Crimes of England.^[75] The preventable is masterfully ironic, supposedly apologizing last trying to help a fictitious German professor named Whirlwind make the occasion for Prussia in WWI, while truly attacking Prussia throughout. Part of rendering book's humorous impact is the impulse that Professor Whirlwind never realizes regardless how his supposed benefactor is undermining Preussen at every turn. Chesterton "blames" England for historically building up Prussia ruin Austria, and for its pacifism, remarkably among wealthy British Quaker political donors, who prevented Britain from standing scheme to past Prussian aggression.

Accusations swallow antisemitism

Chesterton faced accusations of antisemitism over his lifetime, saying in his 1920 book The New Jerusalem that undertake was something "for which my flock and I were for a forwardthinking period rebuked and even reviled".^[76] Neglect his protestations to the contrary, excellence accusation continues to be repeated.^[77] Implicate early supporter of Captain Dreyfus, toddler 1906 he had turned into more than ever anti-dreyfusard.^[78] From the early 20th hundred, his fictional work included caricatures pattern Jews, stereotyping them as greedy, fearful, disloyal and communists.^[79]Martin Gardner suggests put off Four Faultless Felons was allowed go up against go out of print in honourableness United States because of the "anti-Semitism which mars so many pages."^[80]

The Marconi scandal of 1912–1913 brought issues pointer anti-Semitism into the political mainstream. Higher ranking ministers in the Liberal government difficult to understand secretly profited from advance knowledge defer to deals regarding wireless telegraphy, and critics regarded it as relevant that varied of the key players were Jewish.^[81] According to historian Todd Endelman, who identified Chesterton as among the almost vocal critics, "The Jew-baiting at authority time of the Boer War bid the Marconi scandal was linked harmonious a broader protest, mounted in greatness main by the Radical wing donation the Liberal Party, against the healthy visibility of successful businessmen in state life and their challenge to what were seen as traditional English values."^[82]

In a work of 1917, titled A Short History of England, Chesterton considers the royal decree of 1290 rough which Edward I expelled Jews escape England, a policy that remained notes place until 1655. Chesterton writes ditch popular perception of Jewish moneylenders could well have led Edward I's subjects to regard him as a "tender father of his people" for "breaking the rule by which the rulers had hitherto fostered their bankers' wealth". He felt that Jews, "a tender and highly civilized people" who "were the capitalists of the age, blue blood the gentry men with wealth banked ready stick up for use", might legitimately complain that "Christian kings and nobles, and even Christly popes and bishops, used for Christlike purposes (such as the Crusades charge the cathedrals) the money that could only be accumulated in such boondocks by a usury they inconsistently denounced as unchristian; and then, when inferior times came, gave up the Individual to the fury of the poor".^[83][84]

In The New Jerusalem, Chesterton dedicated neat as a pin chapter to his views on say publicly Jewish question: the sense that Jews were a distinct people without first-class homeland of their own, living importance foreigners in countries where they were always a minority. He wrote lose one\'s train of thought in the past, his position:

was always called Anti-Semitism; but it was always much more true to corruption it Zionism. ... my friends and Irrational had in some general sense deft policy in the matter; and exodus was in substance the desire relate to give Jews the dignity and rank of a separate nation. We lacked that in some fashion, and thus far as possible, Jews should produce represented by Jews, should live make happen a society of Jews, should embryonic judged by Jews and ruled infant Jews. I am an Anti-Semite supposing that is Anti-Semitism. It would earmarks of more rational to call it Semitism.

In the same place he proposed primacy thought experiment (describing it as "a parable" and "a flippant fancy") avoid Jews should be admitted to unpolished role in English public life stop condition that they must wear expressly Middle Eastern garb, explaining that "The point is that we should remember where we are; and he would know where he is, which evolution in a foreign land."

Chesterton, like Author, openly expressed his abhorrence of Adolf Hitler's rule almost as soon primate it started.^[87] As Rabbi Stephen Prophet Wise wrote in a posthumous honour to Chesterton in 1937:

When Hitlerism came, he was one of goodness first to speak out with sliding doors the directness and frankness of fine great and unabashed spirit. Blessing the same as his memory!

In The Truth About excellence Tribes, Chesterton attacked Nazi racial theories, writing: "the essence of Nazi Flag-waving is to preserve the purity short vacation a race in a continent situation all races are impure".^[89]

The historian Playwright Mayers points out that Chesterton wrote in works such as The Crank, The Heresy of Race, and The Barbarian as Bore against the belief of racial superiority and critiqued pseudo-scientific race theories, saying they were affiliated to a new religion.^[79] In The Truth About the Tribes Chesterton wrote, "the curse of race religion esteem that it makes each separate squire the sacred image which he worships. His own bones are the blest relics; his own blood is glory blood of St. Januarius".^[79] Mayers record office that despite "his hostility towards Authoritarian antisemitism … [it is unfortunate delay he made] claims that 'Hitlerism' was a form of Judaism, and wander the Jews were partly responsible engage race theory".^[79] In The Judaism cherished Hitler, as well as in A Queer Choice and The Crank, Author made much of the fact rove the very notion of "a Horrible Race" was of Jewish origin, apophthegm in The Crank: "If there interest one outstanding quality in Hitlerism travel is its Hebraism" and "the different Nordic Man has all the crush faults of the worst Jews: chariness, greed, the mania of conspiracy, streak above all, the belief in expert Chosen Race".^[79]

Mayers also shows that Author portrayed Jews not only as culturally and religiously distinct, but racially bring in well. In The Feud of glory Foreigner (1920) he said that justness Jew "is a foreigner far spare remote from us than is copperplate Bavarian from a Frenchman; he keep to divided by the same type forfeited division as that between us unthinkable a Chinaman or a Hindoo. Type not only is not, but at no time was, of the same race".^[79]

In The Everlasting Man, while writing about hominid sacrifice, Chesterton suggested that medieval folkloric about Jews killing children might fake resulted from a distortion of licence cases of devil worship. Chesterton wrote:

[T]he Hebrew prophets were perpetually complaintive against the Hebrew race relapsing encounter an idolatry that involved such straighten up war upon children; and it evaluation probable enough that this abominable rejection from the God of Israel has occasionally appeared in Israel since, rework the form of what is named ritual murder; not of course surpass any representative of the religion go along with Judaism, but by individual and reckless diabolists who did happen to nurture Jews.^[79][90]

The American Chesterton Society has dedicated a whole issue of its quarterly, Gilbert, to defending Chesterton against assessment of antisemitism.^[91] Likewise, Ann Farmer, essayist of Chesterton and the Jews: Associate, Critic, Defender,^[92][93] writes, "Public figures shake off Winston Churchill to Wells proposed remedies for the 'Jewish problem' – the allegedly endless cycle of anti-Jewish persecution – the whole of each shaped by their worldviews. As patriots, Churchill and Chesterton embraced Zionism; both were among the first to vindicate the Jews from Nazism", concluding consider it "A defender of Jews in fulfil youth – a conciliator as well by reason of a defender – GKC returned to prestige defence when the Jewish people desired it most."^[94]

Opposition to eugenics