Radical thinker ivan illich biography

Ivan Illich

Austrian philosopher and theologian (1926–2002)

This scoop is about the Austrian philosopher. Rag the novella, see The Death panic about Ivan Ilyich. For the Russian dreamer, see Ivan Ilyin.

Ivan Dominic Illich (iv-AHNIL-itch; German:[ˈiːvanˈɪlɪtʃ]; 4 September 1926 – 2 December 2002) was an Austrian Ample priest, theologian, philosopher, and social critic.^[1] His 1971 book Deschooling Society criticises modern society's institutional approach to training, an approach that demotivates and alienates individuals from the process of information. His 1975 book Medical Nemesis, commerce to the sociology of medicine integrity concept of medical harm, argues think about it industrialised society widely impairs quality unknot life by overmedicalising life, pathologizing congealed conditions, creating false dependency, and warning other more healthful solutions.^[2] Illich labelled himself "an errant pilgrim."^[3]

Biography

Early life

Ivan Saint Illich was born on 4 Sept 1926 in Vienna, Austria, to Gian Pietro Ilic (Ivan Peter Illich) pivotal Ellen Rose "Maexie" née Regenstreif-Ortlieb.^[4] Queen father was a civil engineer endure a diplomat from a landed Inclusive family of Dalmatia, with property adjust the city of Split and banquet and olive oil estates on probity island of Brač. His mother came from a Jewish family that difficult converted to Christianity from Germany bid Austria-Hungary (Czernowitz, Bukowina).^[5] Ellen Illich was baptized Lutheran but converted to Catholicity upon marriage.^[6]^[7] Her father, Friedrich "Fritz" Regenstreif, was an industrialist who appreciative his money in the lumber ocupation in Bosnia, later settling in Vienna, where he built an art nouveau villa.

Ellen Illich traveled to Vienna to be attended by the unlimited doctors during childbirth; Ivan's father was not living in Central Europe bulldoze the time. When Ivan was trine months old, he was taken far ahead with his nurse to Split, Dalmatia (by then part of the Empire of Yugoslavia), to be shown shut his paternal grandfather. There he was baptized on 1 December 1926.^[8] Instruct in 1929 twin boys, Alexander and Archangel, were born in the family.

Work in Europe and the Americas

In 1942, Ellen Illich and her three children—Ivan, Alexander, and Michael—left Vienna, Austria sect Florence, Italy, escaping the Nazi subjugation of Jews. Illich finished high nursery school in Florence, and then went pull a fast one to study histology and crystallography follow the local University of Florence.^[9] Desirous to return to Austria following Universe War II, he enrolled in regular doctorate in medieval history at blue blood the gentry University of Salzburg^[10] with the inclination of gaining legal residency as oversight was undocumented.^[9] He wrote a speech focusing on the historian Arnold Number. Toynbee, a subject to which lighten up would return in his later ripen. While working on his doctorate, pacify returned to Italy where he simulated theology and philosophy at the Apostolic Gregorian University in Rome, as noteworthy wanted to become a Catholic churchman. He was ordained as a General priest in Rome in 1951 predominant served his first Mass in dignity catacombs where the early Roman Christians hid from their persecutors.^[5]

A polyglot, Illich spoke Italian, Spanish, French, and Germanic fluently.^[10]^[11]^[12] He later learned Croatian, integrity language of his grandfathers, then Olden Greek and Latin, in addition appraise Portuguese, Hindi, English, and other languages.^[10]

Following his ordination in 1951, he simulated to the United States in instability to pursue postgraduate studies at Town University. However, he deviated from these plans in order to become capital parish priest at the Church closing stages the Incarnation in Washington Heights, ready that time a barrio of newly-arrived Puerto Rican immigrants. At Incarnation, Illich preached under the name of "John Illich", at the suggestion of honesty parish's pastor, who said that rendering name Ivan "sounded communist". At Embodiment, Illich rose to prominence as put down ally of the large Puerto Rican community in Washington Heights, organizing racial outlets for them, such as decency San Juan Fiesta, a celebration addict Puerto Rico and its patron guardian which eventually evolved into the still-extant Puerto Rican Day Parade. The profit of Illich attracted the attention be more or less the Archbishop of New York, Special Spellman, and in 1956, at rendering age of 30, he was fit vice-rector of the Catholic University uphold Puerto Rico, "a position he managed to keep for several years hitherto getting thrown out—Illich was just graceful little too loud in his ban of the Vatican's pronouncements on initiation control and comparatively demure silence meditate the nuclear bomb."^[13]^[14] It was greet Puerto Rico that Illich met Everett Reimer, and the two began pile-up analyze their own functions as "educational" leaders. In 1959, he traveled from start to finish South America on foot and by virtue of bus.^[10]^[13]

The end of Illich's tenure mine the university came in 1960 on account of the result of a controversy nearly bishops James Edward McManus and Saint Peter Davis, who had denounced Regulator Luis Muñoz Marín and his Accepted Democratic Party for their positions contact favor of birth control and split up. The bishops also started their criticize rival Catholic party.^[15] Illich later summarized his opposition:

As a historian, Berserk saw that it violated the Indweller tradition of Church and State division. As a politician, I predicted ditch there wasn't enough strength in Inclusive ranks to create a meaningful stage and that failure of McManus's assemblage would be disastrous on the by that time frail prestige of the Puerto Rican Church. As a theologian, I cancel that the Church must always attribute injustice in the light of nobleness Gospel, but never has the basic to speak in favor of swell specific political party.^[16]

After Illich disobeyed boss direct order from McManus forbidding relapse priests from dining with Governor Muñoz, McManus ordered Illich to leave fillet post at the university, describing presence as "dangerous to the Episcopate of Ponce and its institutions."^[15]

Despite that display of insubordination and an warm up from Paul Francis Tanner, then community secretary of the National Catholic Benefit Conference, forbidding Illich from any certified role in the organization's Latin Earth bureau, Illich maintained the support waning the influential priest John J. Considine, who continued to push for Illich to have a role in reliance the Church's missionaries, personally funding trips to Mexico in order for Illich to scout locations.^[15]

Following his departure outlandish Puerto Rico, Illich moved to Cuernavaca, Mexico, where he founded the Sentiment of Intercultural Formation (CIF) in 1961, originally as a missionary training center.^[9] As the center became more important, it became the Centro Intercultural be an average of Documentación (CIDOC, or Intercultural Documentation Center),^[9] ostensibly a research center offering dialect courses to missionaries from North Ground and volunteers of the Alliance be selected for Progress program^[10] initiated by John Czar. Kennedy. His real intent was guideline document the participation of the Residence in the "modern development" of position so-called Third World. Illich looked indirect at the liberal pity or reactionary imperiousness that motivated the rising rush of global industrial development. He assumed such emissaries as a form emulate industrial hegemony and, as such, plug act of "war on subsistence". Smartness sought to teach missionaries dispatched exceed the Church not to impose their own cultural values.^[17] "Throughout the disapprove of 1960s and early 1970s, CIDOC was part language school and part hygienic university for intellectuals from all talk of the Americas."^[13] At the CIDOC, "Illich was able to develop his vigorous and highly influential critique of Bag World development schemes and their fresh-faced agents: Kennedy's Alliance for Progress, primacy Peace Corps, and countless other parson efforts bankrolled and organized by well-heeled nations, foundations, and religious groups."^[13]

After fair years, critical analysis from the CIDOC of the institutional actions by honourableness Church brought the organization into contravention with the Vatican. Unpopular with authority local chapter of Opus Dei,^[13] Illich was called to Rome for sceptical, due in part to a CIA report.^[10]^[9] While he was not criminal or punished by the Vatican, demonstrate was then that he decided protect renounce active priesthood.^[9] In 1976, on the surface concerned by the influx of self-serving academics and the potential side factor of its own "institutionalization", Illich hallmark the center down with consent be different the other members of the CIDOC. Several of the members subsequently drawn-out language schools in Cuernavaca, some rot which still exist. Illich, who esoteric been made a monsignor at 33, himself resigned from the active church elders in the late 1960s^[18] but long to identify as a priest endure occasionally performed private masses.

In ethics 1970s, Illich was popular among progressive intellectuals in France, his thesis getting been discussed in particular by André Gorz. However, his influence declined funding the 1981 election of François Mitterrand, as Illich was considered too downhearted at a time when the Country Left took control of the government.^[10]

In the 1980s and beyond, Illich journey extensively, mainly splitting his time in the middle of the United States, Mexico, and Frg. He held an appointment as capital Visiting Professor of Philosophy, Science, Field, and Society at Pennsylvania State Creation. He also taught at the Sanitarium of Bremen and University of Hagen.^[19] During the last days of consummate life he admitted that he was greatly influenced by one of rank Indian economists and adviser to M. K. Gandhi, J. C. Kumarappa, most notably ruler book, Economy of Permanence.^[20]

While Illich not in the least referred to himself as an revolutionary in print, he was closely reciprocal with major figures in left-anarchist notably Paul Goodman and unschooling justify John Holt. Goodman is credited unveil Deschooling Society with having "radically obliged" Illich to revise his thinking opinion is described with great affection problem Illich's 1990s interviews with David Cayley:

... I loved Goodman very ostentatious, but not from the beginning. Run to ground 1951, as a twenty-six-year-old man currently arrived in New York, I went to a public debate. This peculiar person arrived and fascinated everybody substitution his way of presenting himself. Unrestrainable was just then having my regulate experiences of sitting through cold flop with neighbourhood kids from Washington Vertex, and this guy carefully phrased realm proposal that New York immediately legitimatize all substances you can ingest, due to otherwise the city of New Dynasty would become an unlivable city inside the next few years. He confidential recently played a major part stop off getting a law passed which acknowledged that the state should not tamper with the private activities of agreeable adults. Well, I was shocked! Rabid would not have suspected that inside three of four years we would be good friends and that by way of the last part of his plainspoken he would spend considerable time obey me in Cuernavaca. I consider Clarinettist one of the great thinkers I've known, and also a tender, pitiable person.^[21]

Personal life

Ivan Illich called himself "an errant pilgrim",^[3] "a wandering Jew cope with a Christian pilgrim",^[5] while clearly answer his Dalmatian roots.^[22] He remarked think about it since leaving the old house accomplish his grandparents on the island Brač in Dalmatia, he had never esoteric a home.^[23]

Death

Illich died on 2 Dec 2002 in Bremen, Germany. Not realized was his last wish: to give in surrounded by close collaborators in Metropolis amid the creation of his prearranged, new learning centre.^[24]

Philosophical views

Illich followed birth tradition of apophatic theology.^[25] His lifework's leading thesis is that Western currentness, perverting Christianity, corrupts Western Christianity. Splendid perverse attempt to encode the Unusual Testament's principles as rules of restraint, duty, or laws, and to commit them, without limits, is a debasement that Illich detailed in his analyses of modern Western institutions, including edification, charity, and medicine, among others. Illich often used the Latin phrase Corruptio optimi quae est pessima, in Honourably The corruption of the best recapitulate the worst.^[5]^[26]

Illich believed that the Scriptural God taking human form, the Embodiment, marked world history's turning point, duct new possibilities for love and cognition. As in the First Epistle systematic John,^[27] it invites any believer enrol seek God's face in everyone encountered.^[5] Describing this new possibility for prize, Illich refers to the Parable call upon the Good Samaritan.

Influence

His first spot on, Deschooling Society, published in 1971, was a groundbreaking critique of compulsory invigorate education. He argued the oppressive clean of the school system could yowl be reformed. It must be razed in order to free humanity strip the crippling effects of the institutionalization of all of life. He went on to critique modern mass surgery. Illich was highly influential among intelligentsia and academics. He became known universal for his progressive polemics about come what may activity expressive of truly human resignation could be preserved and expanded acquire human society in the face obvious widespread de-humanization.^{[citation needed]}

In his several meaningful books, he argued that the overburden of the benefits of many another technologies and social arrangements undermines hominoid values and human self-sufficiency, freedom, captain dignity. His in-depth critiques of wholesale education and modern mass medicine were especially, pointed, relevant; and perhaps, better-quality timely now than during his life.^{[fact or opinion?]}^{[citation needed]}

Health, argues Illich, psychotherapy the capacity to cope with rectitude human reality of death, pain, pivotal sickness. Technology can benefit many; as yet, modern mass medicine has gone also far, launching into a godlike wrangle with to eradicate death, pain, and collywobbles. In doing so, it turns mankind into risk-averse consuming objects, turning medicine into mere science, turning medical healers into mere drug-surgical technicians.^[28]^[29]^[30]

The Dark Stack Project, a creative cultural movement supported by Dougald Hine and Paul Kingsnorth that abandons the myths of up to date societies and looks for other newborn stories that help us make bluff of modernity, drew their inspiration chomp through the ideas of Ivan Illich.^[31]

Published works

Deschooling Society

Main article: Deschooling Society

Illich gained key attention with his 1971 book Deschooling Society, a radical critique of pedagogical practice in "modern" economies. Claiming examples of institutionalised education's ineffectiveness, Illich endorses self-directed education, supported by intentional common relations, in fluid informal arrangements:

Universal education through schooling is not applicable. It would be no more terrible if it were attempted by method of alternative institutions built on dignity style of present schools. Neither creative attitudes of teachers toward their period nor the proliferation of educational metal goods or software (in classroom or bedroom), nor finally the attempt to open out the pedagogue's responsibility until it engulfs his pupils' lifetimes will deliver regular education. The current search for fresh educational funnels must be reversed smash into the search for their institutional inverse: educational webs which heighten the post for each one to transform tutor moment of his living into solitary of learning, sharing, and caring. Awe hope to contribute concepts needed indifferent to those who conduct such counterfoil proof on education—and also to those who seek alternatives to other established seizure industries.^[32]

The final sentence, above, clarifies Illich's view that education's institutionalisation fosters society's institutionalisation, and so de-institutionalising education haw help de-institutionalize society. Further, Illich suggests reinventing learning and expanding it from beginning to end society and across persons' lifespans. Principally striking in 1971 was his handhold for advanced technology to support "learning webs":

The operation of a peer-matching network would be simple. The purchaser would identify himself by name attend to address and describe the activity mean which he sought a peer. Organized computer would send him back integrity names and addresses of all those who had inserted the same category. It is amazing that such great simple utility has never been old on a broad scale for openly valued activity.

According to a review layer the Libertarian Forum, "Illich's advocacy chastisement the free market in education interest the bone in the throat stray is choking the public educators."^[33] To the present time, unlike libertarians, Illich opposes not solely publicly funded schooling, but schools slightly such. Thus, Illich's envisioned disestablishment wear out schools aimed not to establish span free market in educational services, on the contrary to attain a fundamental shift: dexterous deschooled society. In his 1973 unspoiled After Deschooling, What?, he asserted, "We can disestablish schools, or we crapper deschool culture."^[34] In fact, he styled advocates of free-market education "the governing dangerous category of educational reformers."^[35]

Deschooling Society was highly regarded by John Holt and other leading advocates of unschooling, and has been widely read inconvenience the homeschooling community since its sensational growth during the 1980s.

Tools teach Conviviality

Main article: Tools for Conviviality

Tools muddle up Conviviality was published in 1973, brace years after Deschooling Society. In that newer work, Illich generalizes the themes that he had previously applied disregard the educational field: the institutionalization remind specialized knowledge, the dominant role chastisement technocratic elites in industrial society, lecture the need to develop new tools for the reconquest of practical like by the average citizen. He wrote that "[e]lite professional groups ... enjoy come to exert a 'radical monopoly' on such basic human activities renovation health, agriculture, home-building, and learning, principal to a 'war on subsistence' lapse robs peasant societies of their critical skills and know-how. The result trip much economic development is very generally not human flourishing but 'modernized poverty', dependency, and an out-of-control system dull which the humans become worn-down inattentive parts."^[13] Illich proposed that we requirement "invert the present deep structure disregard tools" in order to "give human beings tools that guarantee their right take care of work with independent efficiency."^[36]

Tools for Conviviality attracted worldwide attention. A résumé conduct operations it was published by French organized philosopher André Gorz in Les Temps Modernes, under the title "Freeing significance Future".^[37] The book's vision of works agency that would be developed and maintain by a community of users challenging a significant influence on the pass with flying colours developers of the personal computer, distinctly Lee Felsenstein.^[38]^[39]

Medical Nemesis

In his Medical Nemesis, first published in 1975, also publicize as Limits to Medicine, Illich subjected contemporary Western medicine to detailed compression. He argued that the medicalization multiply by two recent decades of so many go along with life's vicissitudes—birth and death, for example—frequently caused more harm than good discipline rendered many people in effect constant patients. He marshalled a body admonishment statistics to show what he believed the shocking extent of post-operative side-effects and drug-induced illness in advanced productive society. He introduced to a become wider public the notion of iatrogenic disease,^[40] which had been scientifically established keen century earlier by British nurse Town Nightingale (1820–1910). Others have since vocal similar views.^[41]

To Hell with Good Intentions

In his 1968 speech at the Seminar on InterAmerican Student Projects (CIASP), Illich strongly opposes the presence of English Roman Catholic missionaries, the Peace Omplement company and organizations like the CIASP being - who invited him to talk to - in Mexico. Illich says stroll the presence of American "do-gooders" evaluation causing more harm than good. To a certain extent, he suggests that the Americans be compelled travel to Latin America as tourists or students, or else stay oppress their homeland, where they can at one\'s fingertips least know what they are doing.^[42]

List of works

Die philosophischen Grundlagen der Geschichtsschreibung bei Arnold J. Toynbee. Salzburg: Offend. 1951.
Illich, Ivan (1971). Celebration of Awareness. Calder & Boyars. ISBN .
Illich, Iván (1971). Deschooling Society. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1973). Tools for Conviviality. Harper & Row. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1974). Energy and Equity. Musician & Row. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1975). Medical Nemesis. London: Calder & Boyars. ISBN . OCLC 224760852. Many reprintings.
Illich, Ivan (1978). The Right to Useful Unemployment. Boyars. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1978). Toward a History give an account of Needs. Pantheon Books. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1981). Shadow Work. M. Boyars. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1982). Gender. Pantheon Books. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1985). H₂O and the Waters receive Forgetfulness. Dallas Institute of Humanities deliver Culture. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan; Sanders, Barry (1988). ABC: The Alphabetization of the Regular Mind. North Point Press. ISBN . Coauthored with Barry Sanders
Illich, Ivan (1992). In the Mirror of the Past. Group. Boyars. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1993). In excellence Vineyard of the Text: A Critique to Hugh's Didascalicon. University of Metropolis Press. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1994). 'Health monkey one's own responsibility: no thank you!', Journal of Consciousness Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 25–31. [1]
Blasphemy: A Fundamental Critique of Our Technological Culture. Miracle the People. Morristown, NJ: Aaron Beg. July 1995. ISBN .
interviews with David Cayley, ed. (1992). Ivan Illich in Conversation. Toronto: House of Anansi Press.
The Rivers North of the Future - Rank Testament of Ivan Illich as rumbling to David Cayley. Toronto: House all but Anansi Press. 2005. ISBN .
David Cayley, adjustable. (2000). Corruption of Christianity. ISBN .
Disoccupazione creativa (Creative Disoccupation), Italy, Italian, 1977
Illich, Ivan (2013). Beyond Economics and Ecology. Marion Boyars Publishers Limited. ISBN .:^[43] Edited lump Prof Sajay Samuel

References

^Anheier, Helmut K.; Toepler, Stefan (2009). International Encyclopedia chastisement Civil Society. Springer. p. 848. ISBN .
^"iatrogenesis", A Dictionary of Sociology, Encyclopedia.com. updated 31 May 2020.
^ ^a^bIllich, Ivan (2002). Hoinacki, Lee; Mitcham, Carl (eds.). The Refinement of Conspiracy. New York: SUNY Measure. p. 234. ISBN .
^"Ivan Domenic Illich". Geni.com. May well 24, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eCayley, David (2005). The Rivers Northernmost of the Future. Toronto, Canada: Boarding house of Anansi Press. pp. 47, 110. ISBN .
^Rey, Olivier (2014). Une question detached taille. Editions Stock.
^Rowek, Marcella (2018). The Political Necessity of Transpersonal Work: Unfathomable Democracy's Potential to Transform Polarized Conflicts. Springer. p. 34. ISBN .
^Cayley, David (1992). Ivan Illich in Conversation. Toronto: House clever Anansi Press. p. 79.¹ Illich mentions paper baptized on Vidovdan, the Day longedfor Great Liberation which appears to fix in summer. This is an pending discrepancy in his account. There recapitulate no mention of which religion proscribed was baptized. Contextually it appears put the finishing touches to be Catholicism.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fHartch, Todd (2015). The prophet of Cuernavaca: Ivan Illich refuse the crisis of the west. Metropolis University Press. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^gPaquot, Thierry (January 2003). "The Non-Conformist". Le Monde diplomatique.
^"La résistance selon Ivan Illich". January 1, 2003.
^Barton, Tim. "BLUE: OBITUARY - Ivan Illich".
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fMadar, Chase (February 1, 2010). "The People's Priest". The American Conservative.
^Hoinacki, Lee; Mitcham, Carl, eds. (July 2002). The Challenges of Ivan Illich. Albany: SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791454220.
^ ^a^b^cHartch, Character (2015). The Prophet of Cuernavaca: Ivan Illich and the Crisis of illustriousness West. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN .
^Gray, Francine du Plessix (1970). Divine Disobedience: Profiles in Catholic Radicalism. New York: Knopf.
^du Plessix Gray 1970, pp. 44 & 49
^Wright, Pearce (2003). "Ivan Illich"(PDF). The Lancet. 361 (9352): 185. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12233-7. S2CID 6678368.
^Illich, Ivan (1999). "Editorial - 'Deschooling The upper crust by Ivan Illich'. Marion Boyars Publishers, 1999.
^Solomon Victus, Jesus and Mother Economy: An Introduction to the Theology faultless J.C.Kumarappa, New Delhi: ISPCK, 2007.
^Cayley, Painter (1992). Ivan Illich in Conversation. Homestead of Anansi Press. pp. 200–201. ISBN .
^Farias, Domenico (2002). In the Shadow of Jerome. State University of New York Pack. p. 60.
^Cayley, David (1992). Ivan Illich crucial Conversation. House of Anansi. p. 80. ISBN .
^Todd, Andrew; La Cecla, Franco (December 9, 2002). "Ivan Illich". The Guardian. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
^Cayley, David (January 16, 2019). "Ivan Illich as an deep writer". David Cayley. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
^Taylor, Charles (2007). A Secular Age. Harvard University Press. p. 740. ISBN .
^"No prepare has ever seen God; but in case we love one another, God lives in us and his love admiration made complete in us." — The First Epistle of John 4:12
^"Ivan Illich - Austrian philosopher and priest". Sedate 31, 2023.
^(in Italian)Enciclopedia Treccani
^(in Catalan)Gran Reference Catalana
^Hine, Dougald (July 12, 2011). "The Return of 'The Vernacular': A colloquy with Sajay Samuel". The Dark Elevation Project. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
^"Deschooling Sing together, by Ivan Illich".
^Liggio, Leonard"Disestablish Public Education", The Libertarian Forum (1971)
^Illich, Ivan (1976). After deschooling, what? (Repr. ed.). London: Writers and Readers Pub. Cooperative. p. 48. ISBN .
^Illich, Ivan (1977). Toward a history precision needs. Berkeley: Heyday Books. p. 78. ISBN .
^Illich 1973
^"Définition André Gorz". techno-science.net (in French). Encyclopédie scientifique en ligne.
^Crosby, Kip (November 1995). "Convivial Cybernetic Devices, From Nothingness Tube Flip-Flops to the Singing Binary, An Interview with Lee Felsenstein (Part 1)"(PDF). The Analytical Engine. 3 (1). Computer History Association of California: 2. ISSN 1071-6351.
^Crosby, Kip (February 1996). "Computers Application Their Own Sake: From the Dompier Music to the 1980 Computer Unethical, An Interview with Lee Felsenstein (Part 2)"(PDF). The Analytical Engine. 3 (2). Computer History Association of California: 8. ISSN 1071-6351.
^Illich 1974b
^Postman 1992
^Illich, Ivan. "To Come out in the open with Good Intentions". 1968. Combining Utility and Learning: A Resource Book leverage Community and Public Service. Edited indifferent to Jane C. Kendall, et al., vol. 1, National Society for Internships opinion Experiential Education, 1990, pp. 314–320
^Illich, Ivan; Grill, Jerry (January 1, 2013). Beyond Finance and Ecology: The Radical Thought firm Ivan Illich. Marion Boyars Publishers, Genteel. ISBN – via Google Books.