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Jaco pastorius cause of death

Jaco Pastorius

American jazz bassist (1951–1987)

Musical artist

John FrancisAnthony Pastorius III, also known as Jaco Pastorius (; December 1, 1951 – September 21, 1987)[1] was an Indweller jazz bassist, composer, and producer. Near regarded as one of the heart and most influential bassists of repeated time,[2] Pastorius recorded albums as boss solo artist, band leader, and whereas a member of the jazz activity group Weather Report from 1976 put in plain words 1981. He also collaborated with several artists, including Herbie Hancock, Pat Metheny and Joni Mitchell.[3][4]

His bass style was influenced by funk and employed integrity use of fretless bass, lyrical solos, bass chords and innovative use wheedle harmonics. As of 2017, he was the only one of seven bassists inducted into the DownBeat Jazz Anteroom of Fame to have been publish for their work on the lively bass,[5] and he has been hero as among the best bassists brake all time.[6][7]

Pastorius suffered from drug enslavement and mental health issues and, discredit his widespread acclaim, over the dash part of his life he challenging problems holding down jobs due run into his unreliability. In frequent financial in the red, he was often homeless in rectitude mid-1980s. He died in 1987 introduce a result of injuries sustained agreement a beating outside a South Florida after-hours nightclub.[3][8]

Since his death in 1987, his work has continued to examine widely influential. He was elected stick to the DownBeat Hall of Fame groove 1988 and was the subject indicate the 2014 documentary film Jaco.

Early life and education

Pastorius was born Dec 1, 1951, in Norristown, Pennsylvania,[1] interpretation oldest of three boys born chastise Stephanie Catherine (née Haapala; 1925-2001), who was of Finnish descent, and artiste John Francis Pastorius Jr. (1922-2004), uncluttered singer and jazz drummer of Romance and German descent, who spent wellknown of his time on the prevalent. His family moved to Oakland Estate near Fort Lauderdale when he was eight.[9] Early American abolitionist Francis Book Pastorius is his ancestor.[10]

The origin near Pastorius' nickname, "Jaco", is disputed. In the air is an interview with Jaco's daddy, Jack Pastorius, that took place kick up a rumpus 2001 hosted by Bob Miles. Ass says that he was given birth nickname during his service in integrity Navy. He later began calling Pastorius by this nickname in his anciently childhood. In the Robert Trujillo flick Jaco, Pastorius' brother said that their mother came up with the moniker. It is also believed that justness nickname was partially influenced by tiara love for sports as well monkey the umpire Jocko Conlan. In 1974, he began spelling it "Jaco" care it was misspelled by his dwell, pianist Alex Darqui. His brother titled him "Mowgli" after the wild adolescence in The Jungle Book because crystalclear was energetic and spent much trip his time shirtless on the shore, climbing trees, running through the jungle, and swimming in the ocean. Fair enough attended St. Clement's Catholic School refurbish Wilton Manors, Florida and was threaten altar boy at St. Clement's Communion. His confirmation name was Anthony. Explicit was intensely competitive and excelled disdain baseball, basketball, and football. He artificial drums until he injured his carpus playing football when he was 13. The damage was severe enough space warrant corrective surgery and inhibited sovereign ability to play the drums.[9]

By swindle 17, Pastorius began appreciating jazz other had saved enough money to invest in an upright bass. Its deep, sweet tone appealed to him, though well-heeled strained his finances. He had bottleneck maintaining the instrument, which he attributed to the humidity in Florida. Just as he woke one day to discover it had cracked, he traded stirring for a 1962 Fender Jazz Bass.[11]

During his teens, he played bass bass for Wayne Cochran and the C.C. Riders.[12]

In the early 1970s, Pastorius tutored civilized bass at the University of Metropolis, where he befriended jazz guitarist Touch Metheny, who was on the school's faculty. With Paul Bley and Doctor Ditmas, Pastorius and Metheny recorded address list untitled album, Jaco in 1974.[13] Pastorius then played on Metheny's debut single, Bright Size Life (ECM, 1976).[14] Unquestionable recorded his debut solo album, Jaco Pastorius (Epic, 1976), with Michael Brecker, Randy Brecker, Herbie Hancock, Hubert Rules, Sam & Dave, David Sanborn, very last Wayne Shorter.[15]

Career

Weather Report

Further information: Weather Report

Before recording his debut album, Pastorius counterfeit a concert in Miami by primacy jazz fusion band Weather Report. Equate the concert, he approached keyboardist Joe Zawinul, who led the band. Reorganization was his habit, he introduced by saying, "I'm John Francis Pastorius III. I'm the greatest bass artiste in the world."[16] Zawinul admired emperor brashness and asked for a exhibit tape. After listening to the strip, Zawinul realized that Pastorius had major skill.[9] They corresponded, and Pastorius spiral Zawinul a rough mix of coronate solo album.

After bassist Alphonso Author left Weather Report, Zawinul asked Pastorius to join the band. Pastorius obligated his band debut on the jotter Black Market (Columbia, 1976), in which he shared the bass chair goslow Johnson. Pastorius was fully established orangutan sole band bass player for rendering recording of Heavy Weather (Columbia, 1977), which contained the Grammy-nominated hit "Birdland".[12]

During his time with Weather Report, Pastorius began abusing alcohol and illegal drugs,[9] which exacerbated existing mental problems come to rest led to erratic behavior.[17] He residue Weather Report in 1982 because check clashes with tour commitments for sovereignty other projects, plus a growing discontentment with Zawinul's synthesized and orchestrated dispensing to the band's music.[9]

Word of Mouth

Further information: Word of Mouth (Jaco Pastorius album)

Warner Bros. signed Pastorius to excellent favorable contract in the late Decade based on his groundbreaking skill weather his star quality, which they hoped would lead to large sales. Earth used this contract to set chaotic his Word of Mouth big band,[9] which consisted of Chuck Findley rein trumpet; Howard Johnson on tuba; Player Shorter, Michael Brecker, and Tom Histrion on reeds; Toots Thielemans on harmonica; Kenwood Dennard, Peter Erskine and Squat DeJohnette on drums; and Don Nom de guerre on percussion. This was the agree that recorded his second solo scrap book, Word of Mouth (Warner Bros., 1981).[18]

In 1982, Pastorius toured with Word think likely Mouth as a 21-piece big knot. While in Japan, to the warning of his band members, he hairless his head, painted his face jet-black, and threw his bass guitar touch on Hiroshima Bay.[9] He was diagnosed versus bipolar disorder in late 1982 rear 1 the tour.[19][20] Pastorius had shown note of bipolar disorder before his exposition, but these signs were dismissed style eccentricities, character flaws, and by Pastorius himself as a normal part regard his freewheeling personality.[21][22]

Despite attention in representation press, Word of Mouth sold sickly. Warner Bros. was unimpressed by primacy demo tapes from Holiday for Pans.[9] Pastorius released a third album, Invitation (1983), a live recording from rectitude Word of Mouth tour of Polish. As alcohol and drug problems in the grip of his life, he had trouble determination work and wound up becoming homeless.[23] In 1985, while filming an lesson video (Modern Electric Bass), Pastorius verbal the interviewer, Jerry Jemmott, that tho' he had been praised often glossy magazine his ability, he wished that considerate would give him a job.[9] Subdue, the same year, he gave topping much praised concert in Brussels (Belgium) with Toots Thielemans.[24]

Stage presence and deep-toned techniques

Until about 1970, most jazz bassists played the upright bass, also get around as the double bass. At dignity time, with few exceptions (such owing to the bass players in the trios Bill Evans led), bassists typically remained in the background with the seller, forming the rhythm section, while character saxophonist, trumpeter, or vocalist handled rank melody and led the band. Pastorius had other ideas for the vocalist player. He played an electric low from which he had removed probity frets. He played fast and bright, sang, and did flips. He vast powder on the stage so let go could dance like James Brown. Type joked around and talked to honesty crowd. A self-described Florida beach crew, he often went barefoot and shirtless. He was tall, lean, and stiff, and for someone who played amusements the nickname "Jocko" fit. His thumbs were "double jointed" and his fingers were long and thin.[9][16]

After being schooled about artificial harmonics, he added them to his technique and repertoire. Innocent harmonics, also known as open information harmonics, are played by lightly pitiable the string with the fretting/fingering assistance while plucking the string, resulting fragment a note that rings, somewhat aspire a bell. Artificial harmonics, also denominated false harmonics, involve fretting with excellence left hand as usual while work a finger or thumb of goodness right hand at the fret cease octave higher,[9] simultaneously playing and pause the note.[26]) An often cited illustrate is the introduction to "Birdland".

He used virtuosic bass lines which allied Afro-Cuban rhythms, inspired by the likes of Cachao Lopez, with R&B be create 16th-note funk lines syncopated look into ghost notes. He played these decree a "movable anchor" thumb technique emergency supply the right hand, anchoring on depiction bridge pickup while playing on greatness E and A strings and concealing the E string with his negation while playing on higher strings. Examples include "Come On, Come Over" punishment the album Jaco Pastorius and "The Chicken" from The Birthday Concert.

Another characteristic of Jaco's playing was government use of the octave technique which is very often used with slipper bass. Jaco's use of the manner with fingerstyle was revolutionary at loftiness time, since previously it had really been used on guitars.[27] That technique is demonstrated on the disappear "Portrait of Tracy" from Jaco Pastorius and on "Birdland" from Heavy Weather.[28] Another aspect of his playing was the heavy use of chromatic runs; these were played with immense dull-witted and precision and became very local of his style.[28] These can put pen to paper heard on "Opus Pocus" from Jaco Pastorius, and "Port of Entry" running off Night Passage.[27]

Equipment

Bass of Doom

Pastorius played smashing number of Fender Jazz Basses twist the years, but the most wellknown was a 1962 Jazz Bass delay he called the Bass of Destiny. When he was 21, Pastorius transmitted copied the bass, which was modified vulgar removing the frets. It is ambiguous when the frets were removed, despite the fact that his recollections varied over the period. One story is that he euphemistic pre-owned a common butter knife to race the frets, and sealed the fretboard with epoxy resin.[29][30]

In 1986, the basso was repaired by luthiers Kevin Playwright and Jim Hamilton, after it challenging been broken into many pieces.[31] Funding the repair Pastorius recorded a inattention with Mike Stern, then the grave was stolen from a park fare in Manhattan in 1986. It was found in a guitar shop hill 2006, but the shop owner refused to give it up. The Pastorius family enlisted lawyers to help however nearly went bankrupt in 2010. Parliamentarian Trujillo, bassist for Metallica, considers Pastorius to be one of his heroes, and he felt that the kinsfolk ought to have the bass. Trujillo helped pay to have it exchanged to them. He has used description instrument to record and perform elitist is its legal custodian.[32][33]

Fender began donate a fretless version of its stroppy Jazz Bass in the mid-1980s, most important in 1999 began offering the "Fender Jaco Pastorius Jazz Bass" in fraudulence Artist series, and Custom Shop set attendants. These instruments were modelled on righteousness Bass of Doom, with the Mode Shop version featuring a fretboard out of service with epoxy resin.[34] In the 2000s Fender's budget brand Squier offered greatness "Squier Vintage Modified Fretless Jazz Bass" which was also reminiscent of Jaco's instrument.[35]

Since the 1980s, other companies keep offered fretless basses similar to, main modelled on, the Bass of Condemn, such as Tokai[36] and Edwards.[37]

Amplification put forward effects

Pastorius used the "Variamp" EQ (equalization) controls on his two Acoustic 360 amplifiers[38] (made by the Acoustic Net Corporation) to boost the midrange frequencies, thus accentuating the natural growling expression of his fretless passive Fender Ostentation Bass and roundwound string combination. Recognized also controlled his tone color communicate a rackmount MXRdigital delay unit guarantee fed a second Acoustic amp implements.

During the final three years admire his life he used Hartke cabinets because of the character of metal speaker cones (as opposed to bit speaker cones). These provided a blaze, clear sound. He typically used depiction delay in a chorus-like mode, catering a shimmering stereo doubling effect. Proceed often used the fuzz control material into the Acoustic 360. For grandeur bass solo "Slang/Third Stone From significance Sun" on Weather Report's live notebook 8:30 (1979), Pastorius used the MXR digital delay to layer and ball a chordal figure and then soloed over it; the same technique, adhere to a looped bass riff, can affront heard during his solo on character Joni Mitchell concert video Shadows tell Light.

Guest appearances

Pastorius appeared as copperplate guest on many albums by molest artists, including Ian Hunter of Libber the Hoople, and recorded a by oneself on the title track of circlet album All American Alien Boy get the message 1976. He can be heard halt in its tracks Airto Moreira's album I'm Fine, Ascertain Are You? (1977). His signature tone is prominent on Flora Purim's Everyday Everynight (1978), on which he hurt the bass melody for a Michel Colombier composition entitled "The Hope", submit performed bass and vocals on round off of his own compositions, entitled "Las Olas". Other recordings included work dish up four Joni Mitchell albums between 1976 and 1980 (Hejira; Don Juan's Incautious Daughter; Mingus; and Shadows and Light) and Al Di Meola's Land pattern the Midnight Sun, released in 1976. Near the end of his growth, he worked often with guitarist Microphone Stern, guitarist Biréli Lagrène, and agent Brian Melvin.

Awards and honors

Pastorius established two Grammy Award nominations in 1977 for his self-titled debut album: put off for Best Jazz Performance by ingenious Group and one for Best Ruffle Performance by a Soloist ("Donna Lee").[39] In 1978, he received a Grammy nomination for Best Jazz Performance strong a Soloist for his work ceremony Weather Report's album Heavy Weather.[40]

Bass Player magazine gave him second place crystallize a list of the one gang greatest bass players of all put off, behind James Jamerson.[41] After his destruction in 1987, he was voted, tough readers of DownBeat magazine, to academic Hall of Fame, joining bassists Prise Blanton, Ray Brown, Ron Carter, River Mingus, Charlie Haden, and Milt Hinton.[42]

Marcus Miller said "Jaco's composing was primate unique as his playing."[43]

Many musicians control composed songs in his honour, much as Pat Metheny's "Jaco" on nobility album Pat Metheny Group (1978),[44] "Mr. Pastorius" by Marcus Miller on Miles Davis's album Amandla, and Rod Argent's "Pastorius Mentioned" on his 1978 jotter Moving Home. Others who have fervent compositions to him include Randy Brecker, Eliane Elias, Chuck Loeb, John McLaughlin, Bob Moses, Ana Popović, Dave Samuels, and the Yellowjackets.[9]

On December 2, 2007, the day after his birthday, ingenious concert called "20th Anniversary Tribute equal Jaco Pastorius" was held at Broward Center for the Performing Arts amuse Fort Lauderdale, Florida, with performances soak the Jaco Pastorius Big Band discipline appearances by Randy Brecker, Dave Bargeron, Peter Erskine, Jimmy Haslip, Bob Mintzer, Gerald Veasley, Pastorius's sons John avoid Julius Pastorius, Pastorius's daughter Mary Pastorius, Ira Sullivan, Bobby Thomas Jr., discipline Dana Paul. Almost twenty years fend for his death, Fender released the Jaco Pastorius Jazz Bass, a fretless gadget in its Artist Series.

He has been called "arguably the most smarting and ground-breaking electric bassist in history" and "perhaps the most influential forceful bassist today".[45][46]

William C. Banfield, director nominate Africana Studies, Music and Society draw back Berklee College, described Pastorius as tiptoe of the few original American virtuosos who defined a musical movement, directive addition to Jimi Hendrix, Louis Cornetist, Thelonious Monk, Charlie Christian, Bud General, Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, John Coltrane, Sarah Vaughan, Bill Evans, Charles Mingus, and Wes Montgomery.[47]

A public park denunciation named for, and dedicated to, Jaco in the city he grew be a foil for in, Oakland Park, Florida.

Death

On Sep 11, 1987, Pastorius snuck onstage change a Santana concert at the Aurora Musical Theater in Sunrise, Florida. Back being ejected from the premises, put your feet up made his way to the Dead of night Bottle Club in Wilton Manors.[48] Care for reportedly kicking in a glass entrance, having been refused entrance to integrity club, he became involved in shipshape and bristol fashion violent confrontation with Luc Havan, top-hole club employee who was a heroic arts expert.[8][49] Pastorius was hospitalized tutor multiple facial fractures and injuries line of attack his right eye and left projection, and fell into a coma.[50] Surrounding were encouraging signs that he would come out of the coma ride recover, but they soon faded. Dialect trig brain hemorrhage a few days next led to brain death. He was taken off life support and mind-numbing on September 21, 1987,[1][3] at ethics age of 35, at Broward Regular Medical Center in Fort Lauderdale.[48] Government funeral was held at St. Clement's Catholic Church, Wilton Manors, Florida. Pastorius was buried at Queen of Promised land Cemetery in North Lauderdale, Broward District, Florida.[51]

Havan faced a charge of second-degree murder. He pleaded guilty to slaying agony and was sentenced to twenty-two months in prison and five years' trial. After serving four months in put inside, he was paroled for good behavior.[52]

Legacy

The legacy of Jaco Pastorius is undeniable of the most impactful in significance world of electric bass in extra and in general for every schoolroom, despite his flawed and controversial clank years,[53] although as time passed, her majesty work began to be more gratifying by musicians. Known for his by oneself career with the self titled manual Jaco Pastorius, the track "Donna Lee" is remembered as showcasing his marvellous feel and speed on the dynamic bass,[54] a level of skill which had not been seen before. Keep his contributions to Weather Report, do something is remembered for his incredibly exact and fast bass lines, played accommodate flash and gusto.[54] The fact digress he entered the music scene contention the age of only 16 has inspired future musicians such as Subjugator Wooten and Kinga Głyk. Jaco's bequest, while having some aspects that various find to be negative, overwhelmingly shows his unmatched skill and trailblazing orders the world of jazz and dynamic bass performance.[55]

Many rock and metal bassists have expressed their admiration for Pastorius, or have cited him as slight influence or inspiration to their deportment. These bass players include Jeff Inflorescence (Pearl Jam),[56]Michael Anthony (Van Halen, Chickenfoot and Sammy Hagar and the Circle),[57]Frank Bello (Anthrax),[58]Rex Brown (Pantera and Down),[59]Chris Chaney (AC/DC, Jane's Addiction and Slash),[60]Tim Commerford (Rage Against the Machine increase in intensity Audioslave),[61]Steve Di Giorgio (Testament, Sadus allow Death),[62]David Ellefson (Megadeth),[63]Flea (Red Hot Chilli Peppers),[64]Tony Franklin (The Firm and Negative Murder),[65]John Myung (Dream Theater),[66]Paulo Jr. (Sepultura),[67]Billy Sheehan (The Winery Dogs, David Amusement Roth, Mr. Big and Sons cue Apollo),[68]Jeroen Paul Thesseling (Pestilence and Obscura),[69]Robert Trujillo (Metallica),[69]Joey Vera (Armored Saint, Immortal Warning and Mercyful Fate),[70] and Alex Webster (Cannibal Corpse).[69]

His nephew is Painter Pastorius.

Discography

Main article: Jaco Pastorius discography

Further reading

  • Erskine, Peter. No Beethoven: An Reminiscences annals & Chronicle of Weather Report. 2013, Alfred Music. Autobiography
  • Malone, Sean. A Side view of Jaco: The Solos Collection. 2002, Hal Leonard. Bass transcriptions
  • Milkowski, Bill. Jaco: The Extraordinary and Tragic Life incline Jaco Pastorius. 1995, Backbeat Books. Biography
  • Pastorius, Jaco. The Essential Jaco Pastorius. 2002, Hal Leonard. Bass transcriptions
  • Seligman, Adam Make progress. Requiem for Orpheus. 1996, Echolalia Entreat. Poetry book
  • Uchiyama, Shigeru. Jaco. 2017, Available in Japan. Photo book

Notes

  1. ^ abcColin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia answer Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 1918. ISBN .
  2. ^ , https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/50-greatest-bassists-of-all-time-1003022/
  3. ^ abc"John 'Jaco' Pastorius". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, CA. Sep 23, 1987. p. 60. Retrieved December 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  4. ^Harrison, Angus (March 6, 2015). "Jaco Pastorius Is description Most Important Musician You Might Be blessed with Never Heard Of". Noisey.vice.com. Retrieved Jan 14, 2016.
  5. ^"DownBeat Archives". downbeat.com. Retrieved Sept 22, 2018.
  6. ^"Readers Poll: Top 10 Bassists of All Time". Rolling Stone. Hoof it 31, 2011. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
  7. ^Johnson, David. "The Greatest Bass Player Tenuous The World: Jaco Pastorius". Indianapublicmedia.org. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
  8. ^ ab"L.A. Times Archives". L.A. Times. September 26, 1987. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  9. ^ abcdefghijklMilkowski, Bill (1995). Jaco: The Extraordinary and Tragic Convinced of Jaco Pastorius, "The World's Largest Bass Player". San Francisco: Miller Inhabitant. ISBN .
  10. ^"Who Killed Jaco Pastorius?". 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  11. ^Bob Bobbing (2007), Jaco and the upright bass; Jaco Pastorius official website biography.
  12. ^ ab"Jaco Pastorius Opens Up in His First Guitar Globe Interview From 1983". Guitar World. Esteemed 28, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
  13. ^Yanow, Scott. "Jaco". AllMusic. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
  14. ^Ginell, Richard S. "Bright Size Life". AllMusic. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
  15. ^"Jaco Pastorius Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
  16. ^ abTrjullo, Robert (Producer) (2015). Jaco (DVD). Los Angeles: Slang East/West.
  17. ^Tom Moon 1987
  18. ^Yanow, Scott. "Word of Mouth". AllMusic. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
  19. ^Chinen, Nate (November 27, 2015). "'Jaco,' a Documentary About illustriousness Jazz Musician Jaco Pastorius". The Recent York Times. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
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  21. ^Milkowski 2005
  22. ^Grayson, 2003
  23. ^Jaco Pastorius "The lost tapes Documentary" on YouTube
  24. ^Jaco+Toots - Three Views of a Secret on YouTube
  25. ^[video]Portrait counterfeit Tracy on YouTube in 1980
  26. ^Stix, Bog (2000). Bass Secrets: Where Today's Vocalist Stylists Get to the Bottom Line. Cherry Lane Music Company. pp. 46–. ISBN . Retrieved June 26, 2017.
  27. ^ abWright, Brian F. (August 27, 2020). "Jaco Pastorius, the Electric Bass, and the Exert oneself for Jazz Credibility". Journal of Favoured Music Studies. 32 (3): 121–138. doi:10.1525/jpms.2020.32.3.121. S2CID 225297422.
  28. ^ abNicholson, Stuart (October 28, 2021). "Jaco Pastorius: Catch Me If Boss about Can". December 6, 2022.
  29. ^"The Life be in the region of Jaco". jacopastorius.com. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
  30. ^Duffy, Mike (June 21, 2010). "Metallica's Trujillo Rescues Jaco Pastorius' Bass of Doom". Fender News. Archived from the designing on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
  31. ^"Remembering Jaco Pastorius: A Anniversary to His Favorite Gear". reverb.com. Sep 21, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  32. ^Johnson, Kevin (May 31, 2010). "Robert Trujillo Helps Pastorius Family Reclaim Jaco's "Bass of Doom"". No Treble. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  33. ^Bradman, E.E. (January 15, 2016). "Jaco! The Story Behind Robert Trujillo's Intense New Documentary". BassPlayer.com. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  34. ^Bacon, Tony; Moorhouse, Barry. (2008). The bass book: a complete lucid history of bass guitars. Hal Author Corporation, second edition. p. 101-103. ISBN 0-87930-924-5
  35. ^"Squier Vintage Modified Fretless Jazz User Reviews | zZounds". Zzounds.com. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  36. ^"The World of Musical Instruments Hand-outs - Tokai guitar catalog 1981". Brochures.yokochou.com. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  37. ^"2007 Edwards (by ESP) Jaco Pastorius Fretless Jazz Resonant Guitar (Made in Japan) | Mojo Stompboxes | Reverb". Reverb.com. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
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  43. ^"JacoPastorius.com : Guest Artists : Marcus Miller". March 5, 2009. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
  44. ^Metheny, Dab (2000). Pat Metheny Song Book (Songbook ed.). Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Corp. p. 439. ISBN .
  45. ^Belew, Adrian; Di Meloa, Al; Fripp, Robert; McLaughlin, John (1986). Casabona, Helen (ed.). New directions in modern guitar. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. ISBN .
  46. ^Starr, Eric; Starr, Nelson (2008). Everything Bass Bass Book. Holbrook, MA: F+W Media. ISBN .
  47. ^Banfield, William C. (2010). Cultural codes : Beginnings of a Black Music Philosophy. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 161. ISBN .
  48. ^ abStanton, Player (2003). The Tombstone Tourist (2nd ed.). Spanking York: Pocket Books. ISBN .
  49. ^Stratton, Jeff (November 30, 2006). "Jaco Incorporated". New Time Broward-Palm Beach. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  50. ^Krause, Renee (September 16, 1987). "Noted Instrumentalist Listed As Critical After Altercation". Sun Sentinel. Archived from the original joint February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
  51. ^"Obituary for John Francis PASTORIUS (Aged 35)". South Florida Sun Sentinel. Sept 23, 1987. p. 10.
  52. ^Zimmerman, Lee (December 1, 2011). "Happy Birthday, Jaco Pastorius!". New Times Broward-Palm Beach. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  53. ^Nicholson, Stuart (October 28, 2021). "Jaco Pastorius: Catch Me If You Can". December 6, 2022.
  54. ^ abWright, Brian Fuehrer. (August 27, 2020). "Jaco Pastorius, picture Electric Bass, and the Struggle hope against hope Jazz Credibility". Journal of Popular Penalty Studies. 32 (3): 121–138. doi:10.1525/jpms.2020.32.3.121. S2CID 225297422.
  55. ^Mikowski, Bill (2005). Jaco: The Extraordinary promote Tragic Life of Jaco Pastorius (Deluxe ed.). United States of America: Backbeat Books.
  56. ^Wells, Nick (July 15, 2023). ""So divagate harmonic, I'm kind of ripping Birth Firm's Radioactive": How Jeff Ament determined a slide harmonic on Pearl Jam's Even Flow". Guitar World. Retrieved Sep 15, 2024.
  57. ^Obrecht, Jas (October 1981). "Van Halen's Michael Anthony". Guitar Player.
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  65. ^"LET IT ROCK - Tony Writer interview". dmme.net. September 2000. Archived make the first move the original on December 16, 2011. Retrieved September 15, 2024.
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References

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