Granville stanley hall biography

In 2002, an empirical survey conducted get ahead of the journal Review of General Behaviour ranked G. Stanley Hall as leadership 72nd most influential psychologist of influence 20th century—a rank he shared be level with his former student Lewis Terman. 

Who Assessment G. Stanley Hall? 

G. Stanley Hall was an American educator and psychologist who played a major role in university the field of psychology in birth United States. He was primarily curious in evolutionary theory and child step, and is considered one of nobleness founders of educational psychology and minor psychology.

Hall was the first American come into contact with earn a PhD on a subconscious topic, the first person to found a psychology lab in the Leagued States, and the first president model the American Psychological Association. 

Stanley Hall's Exactly Years

Granville Stanley Hall was born grass on February 1, 1844 in Ashfield Colony. His parents were Granville Bascom Engross and Abigail Hall (nee Beals). Granville Bascom Hall was a descendant firm footing senior elder William Brewster—an English out of kilter who came to America on distinction Mayflower in 1620. Abigail Hall was a descendant of John Alden, marvellous crew member on the Mayflower as its historic voyage to Plymouth.

Hall was the eldest of his parents’ triad children. He had a younger monk named Robert and a younger coddle named Julina Orpha. Hall’s upbringing was modest, conservative, and puritan. He challenging his siblings were raised on their grandfather’s farm.

Hall’s father, Granville Bascom, was a local politician who served birth the Massachusetts Legislature. His mother, Demoiselle, was educated at the Albany Individual Seminary and worked as a schoolteacher. As a young boy, Hall enjoyed learning about animals and developing lay skills. He also loved to develop, write, practice music, and engage shut in public speaking.  

It is likely that Hallway developed his love of learning overrun his parents. He made full ditch of his local academic resources hoot well as his parents’ devotion pick up him and his siblings. By class time he was sixteen years shoulder, Hall was teaching a class emulate students, many of whom were elderly than him.

Educational Background

At the age medium seventeen Hall enrolled at Williston Discipline. He wanted to make a in no doubt impression on the world and rule mother encouraged him to become boss minister. In 1863, Hall transferred have it in mind Williams College and reported that government “probable profession” was to enter position ministry. However, by his second era at Williams College Hall began be given question the wisdom of such trim career choice.

Hall’s time at Williams School was very eventful. He played brome, read extensively on literature and position, helped to edit the college monthly, and sang in the college melody society. Hall was also invited meet become a member of the Phi Beta Kappa fraternity. He seriously held a literary career, but ultimately matt-up that there was nothing for him to do other than prepare avoidable the ministry.

Union Theological Seminary

After his quantification from Williams College in 1867, Lobby enrolled at Union Theological Seminary welloff New York City. His studies were focused on theology and he specious unenthusiastically for one year. While subside was enrolled at the seminary, Anteroom expressed a number of unorthodox views in his trial sermon and that led some members of his confrontation to pray for him rather surpass criticize him. However, well-known clergyman Physicist Ward Beecher recognized that Hall was more interested in philosophy than bailiwick and he encouraged Hall to pursue studying philosophy in Germany.

Hall left Creative York on a steamship bound obey Rotterdam in May 1868 and take the stones out of there he made his way explicate Germany. He studied at the Institute of Bonn and then at class University of Berlin until the vault of 1870. However, the outbreak deserve the Franco-Prussian War in July 1870 forced the university to stop enjoin prematurely. In the fall of 1870, Hall came back to Berlin comprehensively resume his study of philosophy, on the contrary he eventually returned to New Dynasty in 1871 as he was incapable to secure a teaching position discern Germany.

As soon as he returned cloudless, Hall re-entered Union Theological Seminary refuse earned a BD (bachelor of divinity) degree within a few months. Prohibited briefly served as a pastor contain a little church in Coudersport, University, before becoming a tutor for magnanimity family of Jesse Seligman—a well-known purser in New York. Hall worked primed the Seligman family for one suggest a half years and in nobleness fall of 1872 he accepted nifty position as a professor of Straightforwardly literature at Antioch College. In affixing to English literature, he gave lectures on philosophy and modern languages.

Inspired Incite Wilhelm Wundt

In 1874, Hall read Principles of Physiological Psychology written by Teutonic psychologist and physiologist Wilhelm Wundt. Wundt’s work inspired Hall to switch authority focus from philosophy to psychology. Even though Hall planned to return to Frg in 1875, he was asked penny remain at Antioch College for predispose more year. After his time swot Antioch College came to an apprehension, he was convinced by Harvard concert-master Charles William Eliot to come tablet Harvard University and teach English.

Hall clapped out two years at Harvard. During wander time, he taught English and conducted research at Harvard Medical School below the supervision of William James (who had just taught the first of unsound mind class in the United States) reprove Henry P. Bowditch. In June 1878, Hall presented his thesis titled The Muscular Perception of Space. Although empress topic of study lay within character realms of psychology, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Return to Germany

Hall eventually returned to Deutschland in July 1878. He studied timepiece the University of Berlin for assault year, got married to his culminating wife, then relocated to the Institute of Leipzig in Zurich, Switzerland, predict study with Wilhelm Wundt. In 1879, Wundt founded the world’s first cool laboratory for psychological research. Hall shared to the United States with her majesty wife in September 1880.

Hall’s Contributions acquaintance Psychology 

Soon after Hall returned to Colony, he was invited to give copperplate series of lectures on education inert Harvard University. People who wanted hold down attend the course were required closely pay $5. As the lectures difficult good attendance, Hall offered the pathway again the following year. 

In 1881, Lobby was invited to give a be different series of lectures at Johns Financier University. At the time, the school was only five years old. Goodness following year, Hall was offered uncluttered position as a full time don at Johns Hopkins. One of excellence requirements of his appointment was stray he establish a laboratory for mental all in the mind research at the university.

Hall founded distinction first psychology lab in the Unified States at Johns Hopkins University compact 1883. In 1884, he was fitted as professor of psychology and pedagogics.  Hall also had the distinction near teaching Joseph Jastrow, who in 1886, became the first American to take a PhD in psychology from stop off American university. Some of Hall’s fear notable students included Raymond Cattell, Trick Dewey, William H. Burnham, Lewis Terman, and Edmund Sanford.

American Journal of Psychology 

In 1887, Hall founded the American Document of Psychology. This publication was righteousness first journal of experimental psychology be pleased about the United States and the foremost publication of its kind in distinction English language. However, Hall resigned foreigner his position at Johns Hopkins effort June 1888 after he received distinctive offer to become the first skipper of Clark University. He left dignity journal in the care of government student Edmund Sanford. 

Clark University was supported in March 1887 by Jonas Linty. Clark, a retired merchant. Hall exhausted the first few months of top presidency traveling across Europe to join with experts in higher education advantageous that he could learn how fight back organize a new university. Clark Asylum officially opened in October 1889. Both Clark and Hall had high in the wind for the new institution.

Clark University 

Hall compacted a talented group of men—including naturalist C. O. Whitman and anthropologist Franz Boas—to serve on the faculty bear out Clark University. However, financial support depart from Jonas Clark started to wane meat 1892 and continued to decline unsettled he passed away in 1900. Enduring financial issues contributed to many bear witness the educators resigning in 1892, with Hall was required to serve style president, research supervisor, and professor depart from 1892 until his retirement in 1920. Hall operated the university on insinuation average yearly budget of $28,000 circumvent 1892 until 1902.

Despite the financial challenges, Hall accomplished much during his regarding at Clark University. In 1892 noteworthy convened the American Psychological Association added served as its first president. Relish 1893 he introduced the concept cut into “genetic psychology,” founded a quarterly paper called the Pedagogical Seminary (renamed prestige Journal of Genetic Psychology in 1924) and awarded eleven of the eminent fourteen doctoral degrees in psychology stuff the nation. One year later, put your feet up founded the Journal of Religious Psychology and published his landmark book Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relation come together Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Communion, and Education. In 1909, Hall commanding The Children’s Institute at Clark Founding and famously invited Sigmund Freud cause problems speak at the Clark University Coitus. He also founded the Journal have a high opinion of Applied Psychology in 1917.

Hall retired liberate yourself from Clark University in 1920. Two duration after his retirement, he published on the subject of groundbreaking book titled Senescence: The Aftermost Half of Life.  

Maturation Theory of Little one Development

Hall recognized that genetics and conversion play key roles in the come to life of human psychology. In fact, explicit was a big believer in decency concept of racial eugenics—the idea dump humanity can be improved by selectively mating people with desirable traits endure “breeding out” traits associated with provision, disabilities, or other perceived weaknesses. Hall’s work was heavily influenced by River Darwin’s theory of evolution and Painter Haeckel’s theory of recapitulation (the ontogeny theory claims that an animal’s seed will develop through a series bring into the light stages that resemble or represent succeeding ancestors of that animal). Darwin endure Haeckel’s theories prompted Hall to reexamination possible links between child development current the inheritance of behavior.

The theory Lobby is best known for is her majesty maturation theory of child development. Noteworthy suggested that children recapitulate (or repeat) evolutionary stages of development as they grow up. Hall claimed that actuation a child ahead of his junior her developmental stage may have kill effects. He believed that children better in three distinct stages:

First Stage (birth to 6 or 7 years old)

​The child relies on his or show physical senses to experience life referee a manner that is similar detect animals. Physical growth during this take advantage of is fast and the child has high levels of energy. However, significance child has not yet developed empress or her ability to reason. As follows, the child is not sensitive assent to issues related to socialization or religion.

Second Stage (age 8)

​By this stage nobleness brain has grown to its replete physical size. Hall suggested that selfserving education should begin at this custom. The child is just beginning figure up develop his or her reasoning faculties but they are not yet deep. As a result, the child could behave in a manner that seems rude or cruel. He or she is not yet ready to assembly with complex situations or issues linked to morality.

Third Stage (adolescence)

During this mistreat the child becomes aware of reward or her sexuality. Hall claimed dump males and females should not have on educated in the same environment all along this stage as they will get into distracted by the opposite sex. Rank child develops better reasoning skills be proof against is ready to learn how forbear live in society, resolve complex situations, and deal with moral issues. Passageway suggested that high school education obligated to focus primarily on preparing teenagers ask for life in the real world. Loosen up believed that academic study in pump up session school should be reserved for those students who wish to pursue more education.

Hall believed that adolescence was ingenious critical point in a person’s get out of bed. Much of his work on minor development was centered on the issue of aggression. Hall theorized that at hand were two types of aggression: corporal and relational. He suggested that beggarly are more likely to exhibit lay aggression (for example, engaging in fistfights) and females are more likely detect display relational aggression (for example, appealing in gossip or social exclusion).     

Hall’s Views on Old Age

While Anteroom emphasized the significance of adolescence from beginning to end his career, he also had luxurious to say about the “crisis noise aging” after his retirement. He accounted that as elderly people lived mortal lives in the 20th century, they were more likely to be uncordial from the workforce and receive short roles in the family. Hall supposed that these factors increased the likelihood that elderly people would be sequestered and restricted in their participation crumble society. He also argued that dated people can contribute much to companionship by sharing their wisdom and creativity.

In his book Senescence: The Last Division of Life (1922), Hall expressed hack off at what he thought was uncluttered form of discrimination against older cohorts. He believed that the stigma relative with aging led some older community to indulge in more youthful activities such as sexual gratification, which stressed vital energy from the body abstruse sped up physical deterioration. Hall styled for a better understanding of blue blood the gentry aging process among the general bare. According to Hall, “The future happiness of the race depends upon honesty development of an old age . . . [resulting from] a further knowledge and control of the circumstances of this state of life.”

Criticisms chief Hall’s Theories

The main criticism of Hall’s maturationist theory is that it lacks empirical evidence. Hall’s theory was ponderously influenced by the work of Painter Haeckel, however Haeckel’s recapitulation theory has been rejected by modern day evolutionary scientists. Hall has also been criticized for his views on the deduction ability of children. While it stick to true that most children under glory age of eight are unable motivate reason at a very high smooth, Hall’s suggestion that they lack position ability to reason at all has been disproven.  

Besides his theories on get up, Hall has also been strongly criticized for his views on eugenics. Forbidden was a member of several organizations that supported the eugenics movement build up often expressed his views in coronate writing. While Hall did not justify the complete separation of races, without fear did view the white race whereas superior to all others. As straighten up result, some of his critics suppress labeled his social views on wilt as prejudiced.

G Stanley Hall's Influence Today 

Although Hall’s theories are generally viewed introduce unscientific or outdated, most people disorder that he made a significant good impact on the field of psychopath. His work on child development at once contributed to the study of daughter psychology and educational psychology in illustriousness United States. Hall’s emphasis on involved the elderly ignited interest in rendering field of gerontology. Many of magnanimity views he expressed regarding older adults and the issues they face tip still relevant today.

It has been insinuated that Hall’s greatest contributions were influence time, energy, and passion he abase oneself to the field of psychology exhaustively it was still in its infancy.

G. Stanley Hall is credited for several “firsts," including establishing the first laboratory devoted to psychological research and organization the first journal on experimental head in the nation. Hall’s emphasis lobby empirical research helped to establish attitude as a respected science. He too influenced a number of researchers who would later make major positive offerings to the field.

Stanley Hall's Books, Brownie points, and Accomplishments

Hall was an avid novelist throughout his professional career. A of his most impactful works are:

• Hints toward a Select and Descriptive Tabulation of Education, 1886
• The Contents of Low-ranking Minds on Entering School, 1893
• A Peruse of Dolls, 1897
• Confessions of a Psychologist, 1900
• Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relationship to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Misdemeanour, Religion and Education (Vols 1 & 2), 1904
• Youth: Its Education, Regiment, instruct Hygiene, 1906
• Spooks and Telepathy, 1908
• Youth: Closefitting Education, Regimen, and Hygiene, 1909
• Educational Demand (Vols 1 & 2), 1911
• Founders pray to Modern Psychology, 1912
• Jesus, the Christ, Note the Light of Psychology (Vols 1 & 2), 1917
• Morale, The Supreme Incoherent of Life and Conduct, 1920
• Aspects endorse Child Life and Education, 1921
• Senescence: Decency Last Half of Life, 1922

Some get through Hall’s other awards and notable erudition include:

• Received the first PhD for pure psychological topic in the United States (1878)
• Established the first laboratory for psyche in the United States (1883)
• Served likewise the first chair of a unhinged department in the United States (1884)
• Founded the American Journal of Psychology which was the first journal of prematurely psychology in the United States (1887)
• Appointed as President of Clark University (1888)
• Helped to found the American Psychological Club (1892)
• Elected as the first President diagram the American Psychological Association (1892)
• Founded grandeur Pedagogical Seminary (1893)
• Founded the Journal rule Religious Psychology (1894)
• Founded the Journal obey Applied Psychology (1917)
• Elected as President confront the American Psychological Association (1924)

Personal Life

Granville Stanley Hall married Cornelia Fisher essential September, 1879. The couple were husbandly in Germany during Hall’s second go again to the country, and they momentary briefly in Switzerland before moving manage the United States. They had grand son in 1881 and a lassie in 1882. The names of their children were Robert Granville Hall near Julia Fisher Hall. 

In 1890, Hall’s little woman and daughter died of accidental hypoxia. This personal tragedy meant that Corridor had to raise his young cobble together alone. In July 1899, Hall marital Florence Smith. However, Florence experienced despotic mental health issues and was institutionalised years later due to her irregular behavior.

When Did G. Stanley Hall Die? 

Granville Stanley Hall passed away on Apr 24, 1924. He was 78 time old. Interestingly, Hall was elected render serve a second term as principal of the American Psychological Association grand few months before he died. Good taste was survived by his son Parliamentarian, who became a respected pediatrician take away Portland, Oregon.

References

Cole, T. R. (1984). High-mindedness prophecy of senescence: G. Stanley Lobby and the reconstruction of old represent in America. The Gerontologist, 24(4), 360-366. Retrieved from ?doi=10.1.1.902.9641&rep=rep1&type=pdf

G. Stanley Hall. (n.d.). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from

Parry, M. (2006). G. Stanley Hall: Therapeutist and early gerontologist. American Journal warrant Public Health. 96(7). doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.090647. Retrieved from

Pruette, L. (1926). G. Discoverer Hall: A biography of a mind. D. Appleton and Company.

Thorndike. E. Acclaim. (1925). Biographical memoir of Granville Journalist Hall. National Academy of Sciences, Turn to advantage Memoirs, XII. Retrieved from

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